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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
The verbal system of Lifashian is quite archaic among Indo-European languages: while overall morphological complexity has been reduced, notably through the use of analytic tenses, the system of synthetic verbs shows a late PIE stage where each root is independently conjugated in each tense-aspect combination, and the same root may have multiple primary formations; only verbs which are derived or borrowed with the addition of a secondary formant may be said to have a regular conjugation. Otherwise, a primary present formation can correspond to different past formations, or viceversa: see for example the root past ''eseram'' which can mean either "I tied" (as past of ''serámi'' "I tie"), "I joined, built" (as past of ''serémi'' "I join, build"), or "I presented" (as past of the aorist form ''sisara'' "I present"). | The verbal system of Lifashian is quite archaic among Indo-European languages: while overall morphological complexity has been reduced, notably through the use of analytic tenses, the system of synthetic verbs shows a late PIE stage where each root is independently conjugated in each tense-aspect combination, and the same root may have multiple primary formations; only verbs which are derived or borrowed with the addition of a secondary formant may be said to have a regular conjugation. Otherwise, a primary present formation can correspond to different past formations, or viceversa: see for example the root past ''eseram'' which can mean either "I tied" (as past of ''serámi'' "I tie"), "I joined, built" (as past of ''serémi'' "I join, build"), or "I presented" (as past of the aorist form ''sisara'' "I present"). | ||
====Endings==== | |||
The following table lists the endings used in Lifashian verbs: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! 1SG !! 2SG !! 3SG !! 1PL !! 2PL !! 3PL | |||
|- | |||
! Primary endings<br/>(present)<ref>The vowel added between brackets is the one used in the thematic classes.</ref> | |||
| -(á)mi || -(e)si || -(e)ti || -(a)mas || -(e)ti || -áti | |||
|- | |||
! Secondary endings<br/>(past) | |||
| -(o)m || -(e)s || -(e)t || -(a)me || -(e)te || -át | |||
|- | |||
! Perfect endings<br/>(aorist) | |||
| -a<br/>-he || -te || -e || -me || -te || -é | |||
|- | |||
! Subjunctive endings<br/>(subj. and imperative) | |||
| -m || -di || -tu || -we || -te || -tu | |||
|} | |||
====Present==== | ====Present==== | ||