8,513
edits
Lifashian: Difference between revisions
m
→Nouns
m (→Nouns) |
m (→Nouns) |
||
| Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
Nouns can belong to three different genders (''jensi'', sg. ''jens''): '''masculine''' (''turéssyás''), '''feminine''' (''ninfasyás''), or '''neuter''' (''mediyás''). | Nouns can belong to three different genders (''jensi'', sg. ''jens''): '''masculine''' (''turéssyás''), '''feminine''' (''ninfasyás''), or '''neuter''' (''mediyás''). | ||
Nouns can be categorized as following one of six different declensions ('' | Nouns can be categorized as following one of six different declensions (''syasuktiyiri'', sg. ''syasuktiyé''); in most cases, each declension (except the fourth) only contains nouns of a single gender.<br/> | ||
All declensions are productive, although the majority of contemporary loanwords is assigned to one of the first three. Historically, the termination (and not the noun class) of the original word determines the declension, with original ''-e'' words being mostly assigned to the neuter fifth declension unless explicitely animate (mostly given names or nouns referring to humans borrowed from Ligurian), in which case they are either masculine or feminine fourth declension nouns. Words ending in a back rounded vowel or in a voiced stop in the donor language in most cases end in ''-i'' and are sixth declension nouns; this is again mostly noticeable in the plethora of Ligurian loans (such as e.g. Lig. ''mandillo'' {{IPA|[mãˈdilu]}} borrowed as ''mangdili'' {{IPA|[mæŋˈdili]}} "handkerchief").<br/>Words which ended in voiced stops or sonorants in the donor language typically also show an ''-i'' (and are therefore sixth declension nouns) in Lifashian, but this is not the case for most such words borrowed in the last century (as e.g. ''jáz'' "jazz"). | All declensions are productive, although the majority of contemporary loanwords is assigned to one of the first three. Historically, the termination (and not the noun class) of the original word determines the declension, with original ''-e'' words being mostly assigned to the neuter fifth declension unless explicitely animate (mostly given names or nouns referring to humans borrowed from Ligurian), in which case they are either masculine or feminine fourth declension nouns. Words ending in a back rounded vowel or in a voiced stop in the donor language in most cases end in ''-i'' and are sixth declension nouns; this is again mostly noticeable in the plethora of Ligurian loans (such as e.g. Lig. ''mandillo'' {{IPA|[mãˈdilu]}} borrowed as ''mangdili'' {{IPA|[mæŋˈdili]}} "handkerchief").<br/>Words which ended in voiced stops or sonorants in the donor language typically also show an ''-i'' (and are therefore sixth declension nouns) in Lifashian, but this is not the case for most such words borrowed in the last century (as e.g. ''jáz'' "jazz"). | ||
| Line 131: | Line 131: | ||
====1st declension (masculine)==== | ====1st declension (masculine)==== | ||
The first declension ('' | The first declension (''syasuktiyé hancá'') of Lifashian contains most masculine nouns, inherited or borrowed. The nominative singular, citation form, ends in ''-as'', ''-s'', ''-sy'', or has no ending. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 193: | Line 193: | ||
====2nd declension (feminine)==== | ====2nd declension (feminine)==== | ||
The second declension ('' | The second declension (''syasuktiyé sfétá'') contains most feminine nouns. Their citation form always ends in '''-á'''. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 235: | Line 235: | ||
====3rd declension (neuter)==== | ====3rd declension (neuter)==== | ||
The third declension ('' | The third declension (''syasuktiyé tartá'') contains nearly all neuter nouns, and its forms in the genitive and dative are identical to the first declension. Its citation form ends in ''-am'' for all native words and some borrowings, or in a vowel plus ''-n'' in other borrowings. Such ''-n'' was often part of the stem in the donor language, but has been treated as an inflection in Lifashian. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 277: | Line 277: | ||
====4th declension (masculine, feminine)==== | ====4th declension (masculine, feminine)==== | ||
Words of the fourth declension ('' | Words of the fourth declension (''syasuktiyé múytá'') are either masculine or feminine. Their citation form ends in ''-é''. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 318: | Line 318: | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
====5th declension (neuter)==== | ====5th declension (neuter)==== | ||
The fifth declension ('' | The fifth declension (''syasuktiyé penftá''), mostly unproductive (although the common derivational suffix ''-né'', marking collective nouns, belongs to this declension), contains neuter nouns whose lemma forms end in ''-é''. They are clearly distinct from 4th declension ones. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 342: | Line 342: | ||
====6th declension (masculine)==== | ====6th declension (masculine)==== | ||
Words of the sixth declension ('' | Words of the sixth declension (''syasuktiyé géstá'') are predominantly masculine, ending in ''-i'' in their citation form; its plural forms are the same as in the first declension. Some borrowings are also included in this declension. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||