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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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→Atonic third-person forms
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Third person pronouns include two unstressed forms which are used instead of the full pronouns, a phenomenon similar to many Romance languages. Generally they cannot be used with prepositions and need to precede the verb, unlike the full pronouns which can be placed either before or after the verb (and, in unmarked sentences, are among the few elements that usually follow the verb). The two unstressed clitics are '''es''' and '''na''': | Third person pronouns include two unstressed forms which are used instead of the full pronouns, a phenomenon similar to many Romance languages. Generally they cannot be used with prepositions and need to precede the verb, unlike the full pronouns which can be placed either before or after the verb (and, in unmarked sentences, are among the few elements that usually follow the verb). The two unstressed clitics are '''es''' and '''na''': | ||
* '''es''' is a dative clitic that can substitute any of ''letási, letasyé, letós'' and ''letábi'': | * '''es''' is a dative clitic that can substitute any of ''letási, letasyé, letós'' and ''letábi'': | ||
*: ''Tom námirom | *: ''Tom námirom eléha letási.'' "I gave him the book." > ''Tom námirom es eléha.'' "I gave 3SG the book." (Whom or what the clitic refers to depends on context) | ||
* '''na''' is a genitive clitic that can substitute any of ''letosy, letassyá, letyám'' and ''letásam'', as well as (and more commonly) ablative phrases with the preposition ''hó'' (from) or ''háp'' (about); in fact, the clitic derives from an older ablative form. | * '''na''' is a genitive clitic that can substitute any of ''letosy, letassyá, letyám'' and ''letásam'', as well as (and more commonly) ablative phrases with the preposition ''hó'' (from) or ''háp'' (about); in fact, the clitic derives from an older ablative form. | ||
*: ''Deyhámrey hó Abuzábi agódaha.'' "I came back from Abu Dhabi yesterday." > ''Deyhámrey na agódaha.'' "I came back from there yesterday." | *: ''Deyhámrey hó Abuzábi agódaha.'' "I came back from Abu Dhabi yesterday." > ''Deyhámrey na agódaha.'' "I came back from there yesterday." | ||
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* '''im''' (masculine 3SG), '''hem''' (feminine 3SG), '''it''' (neuter 3SG); | * '''im''' (masculine 3SG), '''hem''' (feminine 3SG), '''it''' (neuter 3SG); | ||
* '''is''' (masculine 3PL), '''hes''' (feminine 3PL), '''í''' (neuter 3PL). | * '''is''' (masculine 3PL), '''hes''' (feminine 3PL), '''í''' (neuter 3PL). | ||
Example: ''Tom námirom | Example: ''Tom námirom eléha letási.'' "I gave him the book." > ''Im eléha letási.'' "I gave it to him."<br/>These forms can combine with ''es'', resulting in the contracted forms '''sim, sem, sit; sis, ses, sí'''; e.g. ''Im eléha letási.'' "I gave it to him" > ''Sim eléha.'' | ||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||