|
|
| (10 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
| |
|
|
| |
| <!--
| |
|
| |
| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| |
|
| |
| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| |
| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
| |
|
| |
| -->
| |
|
| |
| ==Introduction==
| |
|
| |
| ===Todo===
| |
| <poem>
| |
| nouns are given in def sg and def pl forms (Bhadhagha gib)
| |
| big: go qhéith
| |
| small: go chun
| |
| long: go mheal
| |
| short: go laomh
| |
| wide: go raoi
| |
| narrow: go cuachar
| |
| thick: go scúil
| |
| thin: go h-ádh
| |
| woman: an fháixe, na bhfáixe
| |
| man: an beathra, na mbeathra
| |
| child: an stíotha, na stíotha
| |
| mother: an feadhan-fháixe?
| |
| father: an feadhan-beathra?
| |
| na bhfeadhan-fháixe, na bhfeadhan-beathra
| |
| wife: an sleith-fháixe
| |
| husband: an sleith-beathra
| |
| na dhsleith-fháixe, na dhsleith-beathra
| |
| fish: an déimhe, na dhéimhe
| |
| bird: an chuar, na cuar
| |
| (all these are from the bhadhagha gib)
| |
| dog: an lior, na lior
| |
| louse: an h-úmha, na n-úmha
| |
| snake: an bhfaos, na fhaos
| |
| worm: an ghean, na ngean
| |
| tree: an daodha, na dhaodha
| |
| forest: an ríne, na ríne
| |
| stick: an cuath, na chuath
| |
| fruit: an thamha, na dtamha
| |
| seed: an páile, na páile
| |
| leaf: an fhuix, na bhfuix
| |
| root: an dhóife, na dhóife
| |
| bark should be an cilear / na cilear
| |
| flower: an qeógh, na qheógh
| |
| grass: an rúiche, na rúiche
| |
| rope: an mbuad, na bhuad
| |
| skin: an geabh, na gheabh
| |
| meat: an ceith, na gceith
| |
| blood: an dhséabha, na dhséabha
| |
| bone: an reist, na reist
| |
| fat: an xuile, na xuile
| |
| egg: an qé, na qhé *hmoob intensifies*
| |
| horn: an n-aire, na h-aire
| |
| tail: an h-aoi, na h-aoi
| |
| feather: an gcoít, na choít
| |
| hair: an núcha, na núcha
| |
| head: an snith, na snith
| |
| ear: an dtiocha, na tiocha
| |
| eye: an fhéir, na bhféir
| |
| nose: an gaoine, na ngaoine
| |
| mouth: an cnuile, na chnuile
| |
| tooth: an iacha, na h-iacha
| |
| tongue: an bhlaoighne? 😀
| |
| fingernail: an sciofa, na sciofa
| |
| foot: an reithe, na reithe
| |
| leg: an ndeocha reith, na dheocha reith
| |
| knee: an xionn reith, na dhxionn reith
| |
| hand: flúin
| |
| an bhflúin, na fhlúin
| |
| arm: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin
| |
| elbow: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin
| |
| sorry
| |
| elbow: an xionn bhflúin, na dhxionn bhflúin
| |
| wing: an ceamh, na gceamh
| |
| belly: an táile, na tháile
| |
| guts: an nquinneach, na quinneach
| |
| neck: an xaoiphe, na xaoiphe
| |
| back: an mbíola, na bíola
| |
| breast: an dhsrachta, na srachta
| |
| heart: an luicheamh, na luicheamh
| |
| liver: an steóiseamh, na steóiseamh
| |
| sorry
| |
| an steóiseamh, na dhsteóiseamh
| |
| go neábha 'to drink'
| |
| go séic 'to eat'
| |
| go xumhadh 'to bite'
| |
| go scéimh 'to suck'
| |
| go fiara 'to spit, to eject'
| |
| go fiara an néitheasach 'to vomit'
| |
| go fíoxa 'to blow'
| |
| go stúimhe 'to breathe'
| |
| go sraoth 'to laugh'
| |
| go bhfeirthe 'to see'
| |
| go dtiodh 'to hear'
| |
| go xeólaigh 'to know'
| |
| go bhrainne 'to think'
| |
|
| |
| ni fhiorad = now, from an fhiorad / na fiorad 'moment'
| |
|
| |
| einnbhí = envy
| |
|
| |
| ciúr, céiq, cear, ceann, céidh, céibh, ceanna?
| |
| present
| |
| without the c they're past tense
| |
| lionúr, líq, lear, leann, lionóidh, lionóibh, leanna = future
| |
|
| |
| </poem>
| |
|
| |
| An Bhlaoighne is inspired by Irish though the aesthetic is turning out more like Proto-Indo-European.
| |
|
| |
| <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
| |
|
| |
| <!-- Example categories/headings:
| |
|
| |
| Goals
| |
| Setting
| |
| Inspiration
| |
|
| |
| -->
| |
|
| |
| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
| |
| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
| |
| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
| |
|
| |
| Vowel inventory
| |
| Consonant inventory
| |
| Syllable structure
| |
| Stress
| |
| Intonation
| |
|
| |
| -->
| |
|
| |
| ==Phonology==
| |
|
| |
| Phonology of An Bhlaoighne:
| |
| a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞~ɛ i o̞~ɔ u a: ɛ: i: o: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count!
| |
|
| |
| b c d f g h l m n ŋ p q r s t x
| |
| /b k d̪ f g h l̪ m n̪ ŋ p tɬ ɹ s t̪ ɬ/
| |
|
| |
| The letters bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated.
| |
|
| |
| Aspiration:
| |
| bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh
| |
| /bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ tɬʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/
| |
|
| |
| Prenasalization:
| |
| mb gc nd bhf ŋg _ mp nq dhs dt dhx
| |
| /ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ⁿtɬ dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/
| |
|
| |
| ===Sindarin analog===
| |
| <poem>
| |
| ai -> e
| |
| ái -> ä́ -> ia
| |
| ao -> å -> o
| |
| ea -> ia
| |
| ei -> e
| |
| eo -> ö́ -> io
| |
| aoi, eoi -> í
| |
| eo -> o
| |
| ia -> ie
| |
| io -> io
| |
| oi -> e
| |
| ua -> uo
| |
| uai -> í
| |
|
| |
| éa -> é
| |
| eá -> á
| |
| eó -> ó
| |
| eói -> é
| |
| éi -> ei
| |
| ío -> io
| |
| iú -> ǘ -> iu
| |
| iúi -> í
| |
| ói -> é
| |
| oí -> í
| |
| úi, uí -> í
| |
|
| |
| prepositions
| |
|
| |
| to: eis -> sós, smedh, san, es
| |
| from: chois éinn go na -> hios, hiomedh, hion, hion
| |
| in: ni -> nis, nimedh, nin, nin
| |
| away from: ni amhaidh na -> aus, aumedh, aun, aun
| |
| with: ro -> ros, romedh, ron, ron
| |
| without: go ríste na -> rís, rímedh, rín, rín
| |
| like: qe -> qes, qemedh, qen, qen
| |
| unlike: xa aghabh na -> xás, xámedh, xán, xán
| |
|
| |
| passive: go leath
| |
| causative: go dhaimh
| |
| reflexive: go dhsinn
| |
| </poem>
| |
|
| |
| ===Prosody===
| |
| ====Stress====
| |
| ====Intonation====
| |
|
| |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
| |
| ===Morphophonology===
| |
|
| |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
| |
| ===Article===
| |
| Both the definite and indefinite articles are 'an' in the singular, 'na' in the plural.
| |
| ===Gender and declensions===
| |
|
| |
| The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has three genders and three declensions.
| |
|
| |
| First declension masculine:
| |
| indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. no mutation
| |
|
| |
| First declension feminine:
| |
| indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. prenasalization
| |
|
| |
| First declension neuter:
| |
| indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. aspiration
| |
|
| |
| Second declension masculine:
| |
| indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. prenasalization
| |
|
| |
| Second declension feminine:
| |
| indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. aspiration
| |
|
| |
| Second declension neuter:
| |
| indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. no mutation
| |
|
| |
| Third declension masculine:
| |
| indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. aspiration
| |
|
| |
| Third declension feminine:
| |
| indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. no mutation
| |
|
| |
| Third declension neuter:
| |
| indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. prenasalization
| |
|
| |
| Examples:
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''bheathra'' 'man' - 2nd decl. masc.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''an bheathra'' || ''na bheathra''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''an beathra'' || ''na mbeathra''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''chealim'' 'table' - 1st decl. masc.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''an chealim'' || ''na gcealim''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''an cealim'' || ''na cealim''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''mblaoighne'' 'language' - 1st decl. fem.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''an mblaoighne'' || ''na bhlaoighne''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''an bhlaoighne'' || ''na mblaoighne''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''fiodenn'' 'honor' - 3rd decl. neut.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''an fiodenn'' || ''na fhiodenn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''an bhfiodenn'' || ''na bhfiodenn''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''páirín'' 'house' - 2nd decl. neut.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indefinite
| |
| | ''an páirín'' || ''na bpáirín''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Definite
| |
| | ''an bpáirín'' || ''na páirín''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| (Nouns beginning with 'm' can only be 2nd decl masc, 2nd dec fem, 3rd decl masc or 1st decl fem)
| |
|
| |
| There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form.
| |
|
| |
| ===Tenses===
| |
| present: ceis, cean (with the article)
| |
| past: éadh, éan (with the article)
| |
| future: liobh, lian (with the article)
| |
| aorist ("timeless"): fo, fon
| |
|
| |
| *''Fon cealim go bhfóina.'' /fon kealim go bʰfo:jna/ 'The table is white'
| |
| *''Cean beathra go dhxeathar.'' /kean beatʰra go dʰɬeatʰar/ 'The man is walking'
| |
| *''Cean bheathra go mblaoigh.'' /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰ/ 'A man is speaking'
| |
| (''go''+prenasalization literally means 'in')
| |
| ===Prepositions fusing with 'an'===
| |
|
| |
| *'in': ''go'' + ''an'' = ''ni'', ''go'' + ''na'' = ''in''
| |
| *'with': ''ro'' + ''an'' = ''ca'', ''ro'' + ''na'' = ''ac''
| |
| *'to': ''eis'' + ''an'' = ''sa'', ''eis'' + ''na'' = ''as''
| |
| *'like': ''qe'' + ''an'' = ''xa'', ''qe'' + ''na'' = ''ax''
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
| |
|
| |
| Nouns
| |
| Adjectives
| |
| Verbs
| |
| Adverbs
| |
| Particles
| |
| Derivational morphology
| |
|
| |
| -->
| |
|
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Dependent clauses===
| |
| <!-- etc. etc. -->
| |
|
| |
| ==Numerals==
| |
|
| |
| *0 = ''dírabh'' /di:rabʰ/
| |
| *1 = ''óis'' /o:js/
| |
| *2 = ''réix'' /re:jɬ/
| |
| *3 = ''daobhe'' /daobʰe/
| |
| *4 = ''fuín'' /fwi:n/
| |
| *5 = ''seamh'' /seamʰ/
| |
| *6 = ''taca'' /taka/
| |
| *7 = ''óista n-óis'' /o:jsta no:js/
| |
| *8 = ''óista réix'' /o:jsta re:jɬ/
| |
| *9 = ''óista ndaobhe'' /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/
| |
| *10 = ''óista bhfuín'' /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/
| |
| *11 = ''óista dhseamh'' /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/
| |
| *12 = ''réixta'' /re:jɬta/
| |
| *18 = ''daobheta'' /daobʰeta/ or ''daobhta'' /daobʰta/
| |
| *24 = ''fuínta'' /fwi:nta/
| |
| *30 = ''seamhta'' /seamʰta/
| |
| *36 = ''gról'' /gro:l/
| |
| *37 = ''gról d'óis'' /gro:l do:js/
| |
| *38 = ''gról da réix'' /gro:l da re:jɬ/
| |
| ...
| |
| *72 = ''réix gról''
| |
| ...
| |
| *1295 = ''seamhta dhseamh gról da seamhta dhseamh''
| |
| *1296 = ''quiche'' /tɬujkʰe/
| |
|
| |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ==Other resources==
| |
| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
| |
|
| |
| <!-- Template area -->
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
| |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
| [[Category:Zul]]
| |
| [[Category:M-Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]]
| |