Literature talk:Be prepared: Difference between revisions
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The formant "m" in the active causative and passive simple forms turns into an "n" when the next consonant is labial, so the actual forms are "canaproha" and "napreha". | The formant "m" in the active causative and passive simple forms turns into an "n" when the next consonant is labial, so the actual forms are "canaproha" and "napreha". | ||
The verb forms in the active simple binyan are as follows: | |||
* Imperfect participial form: ''paroha'' (singular), ''caparoha'' (plural) | |||
* Perfect participial form: ''parahota'' (singular), ''caprahota'' (plural) | |||
The word "and" is a clitic: ''tala-''. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 13:01, 10 June 2016
Pandoga is a triconsonantal language with an Indic aesthetic.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
There are 22 consonants in Pandoga (as in Hebrew!)
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stop | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | c /c/ | k /k/ | |||
| Voiced stop | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ḍ /ɖ/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | |||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | |||||
| Fricative | s /s/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | h /h/ | |||||
| Voiced fricative | z /z/ | |||||||
| Approximant | v /ʋ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
| Lateral | l /l/ | ḷ /ɺ̢/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ |
Vowels
Pandoga has an unusual 5 vowel system:
| Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|
| a | /ɐ/ |
| ā | /a:/ |
| e | /e:/ |
| i | /i/ |
| o | /o:/ |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Pandoga uses roots consisting of three consonants. An example is P-Ṇ-B 'to write':
- paṇoba = writer
- paṇabeti =
- capṇaboti =
Nouns
Nouns inflect for definiteness and state (absolute/construct) and may include possessive affixes. A sample noun:
| paṇoba "writer" | Singular possessor | Plural possessor | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | paṇoba | ||
| Definite | paṇobahe | ||
| Construct | 1st person | paṇabora | paṇabaroṇa |
| 2nd person | paṇaboda | paṇabadoṇa | |
| 3rd person | paṇaba | ||
Nouns typically fall into three ablaut patterns: a-type, e-type and o-type. Paṇoba is an o-type noun, where the o becomes an a in the construct state.
- homa (legume) → hama
In e-type nouns, the e in the noun becomes an a, but the preceding vowel shifts: a becomes i, ā becomes e, and ō becomes a. If the only vowel in the noun is e, ...
[to add later]
Verbs
Verbs inflect for aspect, number and transitivity, but not tense.
There are seven binyanim in Pandoga, as in Hebrew:
- PaRoHa = active simple
- PaReHa = active intensive
- camaPRoHa = active causative
- kaPaRHoṇa = reflexive
- PiRHota = passive causative
- malaPReHa = passive intensive
- maPReHa = passive simple
The formant "m" in the active causative and passive simple forms turns into an "n" when the next consonant is labial, so the actual forms are "canaproha" and "napreha".
The verb forms in the active simple binyan are as follows:
- Imperfect participial form: paroha (singular), caparoha (plural)
- Perfect participial form: parahota (singular), caprahota (plural)
The word "and" is a clitic: tala-.