Luthic: Difference between revisions

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====Information rate====
====Information rate====
The concept of “information density” relates to how languages convey semantic information within the speech signal. Essentially, a language is considered dense if it uses fewer speech elements to convey a given amount of semantic meaning compared to a sparser language. Units such as features or articulatory gestures involve complex multidimensional patterns (such as gestural scores or feature matrices) that are unsuitable for computing average information density during speech communication. In contrast, each speech sample can be described in terms of discrete sequences of segments or syllables, which are potential candidates, although their exact significance and role in communication remain uncertain. Therefore, this study opts to utilise syllables for both methodological and theoretical reasons.
The concept of “[[w:Entropy (information theory)|information density]]” relates to how languages convey [[w:Semantics|semantic information]] within the speech signal. Essentially, a language is considered dense if it uses fewer [[w:Part of speech|speech elements]] to convey a given amount of semantic meaning compared to a sparser language. Units such as [[w:Communication#Human|features]] or [[w:Articulatory gestures|articulatory gestures]] involve complex multidimensional patterns (such as gestural scores or feature matrices) that are unsuitable for computing average information density during speech communication. In contrast, each speech sample can be described in terms of discrete sequences of [[w:Phone (phonetics)|segments]] or [[w:Syllable|syllables]], which are potential candidates, although their exact significance and role in communication remain uncertain. Therefore, this study opts to utilise syllables for both methodological and theoretical reasons.


Assuming that for each text ''T<sub>k</sub>'', composed of ''σ<sub>k</sub>(L)'' syllables in language ''L'', the over-all semantic content ''S<sub>k</sub>'' is equivalent from one language to another, the average quantity of information per syllable for ''T<sub>k</sub>'' and for language ''L'' is calculated as in 1.
Assuming that for each text ''T<sub>k</sub>'', composed of ''σ<sub>k</sub>(L)'' syllables in language ''L'', the over-all semantic content ''S<sub>k</sub>'' is equivalent from one language to another, the average quantity of information per syllable for ''T<sub>k</sub>'' and for language ''L'' is calculated as in 1.
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[[File:Equation 3.png|frameless]]
[[File:Equation 3.png|frameless]]
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center;"
! width="25%"|Language
! width="25%"|ID<sub>L</sub>
! width="25%"|Syllabic rate
! width="25%"|Information rate
|-
| English || 0.91 || 6.19 || 1.08
|-
| French || 0.74 || 7.18 || 0.99
|-
| Italian || 0.72 || 6.99 || 0.96
|-
| Spanish || 0.63 || 7.82 || 0.98
|-
| German || 0.79 || 5.67 || 0.90
|-
| Luthic || 0.81 || 6.45 || 0.97
|-
| Vietnamese || 1 (reference) || 5.22 || 1 (reference)
|}
Another factor is the syllabic complexity index, being measured in two ways: '''type''' and '''token'''.
# Type complexity: considers each unique syllable only once when calculating the average complexity.
# Token complexity: takes into account the frequency of occurrence of each unique syllable in the corpus by weighting the complexity accordingly.
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center;"
! width="25%"|Language
! width="25%"|Syllable inventory size
! width="25%"|Type complexity
! width="25%"|Token complexity
|-
| English || 7,931 || 3.70 || 2.48
|-
| French || 5,646 || 3.50 || 2.21
|-
| Italian || 2,719 || 3.50  || 2.30
|-
| Spanish || 1,593 || 3.30 || 2.40
|-
| German || 4,207 || 3.70 || 2.68
|-
| Luthic || 4,129 || 3.60 || 2.40
|}


===The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion===
===The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion===
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