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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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→Standard Luthic
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* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | * The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | ||
** The digraphs | ** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively. | ||
** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found. | ** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found. | ||
* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/. | * The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/. | ||
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| [[w:A|A]], a || a [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈa]]] || asga [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] || [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]] or [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] || â, ȧ | | [[w:A|A]], a || a [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈa]]] || asga [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] || [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]] or [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] || â, ȧ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic|[bi]]] || | | [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic|[bi]]] || baerca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbɛɾ.kɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|/ʋ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡ʃi]]] || caunȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkɔ.no]]] || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]], [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] || ċ | | [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡ʃi]]] || caunȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkɔ.no]]] || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]], [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] || ċ | ||
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| [[w:D|D]], d || di [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈdi]]] ||dago [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈda.ɣ˕u]]] || [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]] or [[w:Voiced dental approximant|/ð̞/]] || — | | [[w:D|D]], d || di [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈdi]]] ||dago [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈda.ɣ˕u]]] || [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]] or [[w:Voiced dental approximant|/ð̞/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || | | [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || aeqqo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛk.kʷu]]] || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] || ê | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛf.fe]]] || | | [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛf.fe]]] || faeho [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfɛ.hu]]] || [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|/p͡f/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.vɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar approximant|/ɣ˕/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || ġ | | [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.vɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar approximant|/ɣ˕/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || ġ | ||
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| [[w:O|O]], o || o [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ]]] || oþalȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[oˈθa.lo]]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]], [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] || ô, ȯ | | [[w:O|O]], o || o [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ]]] || oþalȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[oˈθa.lo]]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]], [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] || ô, ȯ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || | | [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || paerþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || | | [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || qaerþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkᶣɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛˈʀe]]] || | | [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛˈʀe]]] || raeda [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈʁɛ.ð̞ɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]], [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛsˈse]]] || sauila [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]], [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] || — | | [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛsˈse]]] || sauila [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]], [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] || — | ||
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In every case, /j/ and /w/ are fortified to /d͡ʒ/ and /v/, except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic /ð/ and /xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/ are also fortified to /d/ and /kʷ/ in every position; which can be further lenited to /d͡z/ and /k ~ t͡ʃ/ in the environments given above. The Germanic /h ~ x/ is fortified to /k/ before a rhotic or a lateral, as in: | In every case, /j/ and /w/ are fortified to /d͡ʒ/ and /v/, except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic /ð/ and /xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/ are also fortified to /d/ and /kʷ/ in every position; which can be further lenited to /d͡z/ and /k ~ t͡ʃ/ in the environments given above. The Germanic /h ~ x/ is fortified to /k/ before a rhotic or a lateral, as in: | ||
* Gothic ''hlaifs'' [ˈhlɛːɸs] > Luthic '' | * Gothic ''hlaifs'' [ˈhlɛːɸs] > Luthic ''claefo'' [ˈklɛ.fu]. | ||
* Gothic ''hriggs'' [ˈhriŋɡs ~ ˈhriŋks] > Luthic ''creggo'' [ˈkɾeŋ.ɡu]. | * Gothic ''hriggs'' [ˈhriŋɡs ~ ˈhriŋks] > Luthic ''creggo'' [ˈkɾeŋ.ɡu]. | ||
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* 1st person indicative present: Latin ''habeō'', Gothic ''haba'', Luthic ''hô'', Italian ''ho''. | * 1st person indicative present: Latin ''habeō'', Gothic ''haba'', Luthic ''hô'', Italian ''ho''. | ||
* 2nd person indicative present: Latin ''habēs'', Gothic ''habais'', Luthic '' | * 2nd person indicative present: Latin ''habēs'', Gothic ''habais'', Luthic ''hais'', Italian ''hai''. | ||
* 3rd person indicative present: Latin ''habet'', Gothic ''habaiþ'', Luthic ''hâþ'', Italian ''ha''. | * 3rd person indicative present: Latin ''habet'', Gothic ''habaiþ'', Luthic ''hâþ'', Italian ''ha''. | ||