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| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|(h)]]
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
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** /x/ is velar, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /x/ is velar, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /ʁ/ is uvular, but in anlaut is in free variation with [h].
** /ʁ/ is uvular, but in anlaut is in free variation with [h].
** /h/ is glottal, but is in free variation with [x ~ ʁ], /h/ is palatal [ç] nearby /i, e, ɛ, j/.
** /h/ is glottal, but is in free variation with [x ~ ʁ], /h/ is palatal [ç] nearby /i, e, ɛ, j/. Word initial /h/ is often dropped off.


* '''Approximants, flap, trill and laterals:'''
* '''Approximants, flap, trill and laterals:'''
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: ¹ Some features and values are stipulated due to lack of resources.
: ¹ Some features and values are stipulated due to lack of resources.
====Information rate====
The concept of “[[w:Entropy (information theory)|information density]]” relates to how languages convey [[w:Semantics|semantic information]] within the speech signal. Essentially, a language is considered dense if it uses fewer [[w:Part of speech|speech elements]] to convey a given amount of semantic meaning compared to a sparser language. Units such as [[w:Communication#Human|features]] or [[w:Articulatory gestures|articulatory gestures]] involve complex multidimensional patterns (such as gestural scores or feature matrices) that are unsuitable for computing average information density during speech communication. In contrast, each speech sample can be described in terms of discrete sequences of [[w:Phone (phonetics)|segments]] or [[w:Syllable|syllables]], which are potential candidates, although their exact significance and role in communication remain uncertain. Therefore, this study opts to utilise syllables for both methodological and theoretical reasons.
Assuming that for each text ''T<sub>k</sub>'', composed of ''σ<sub>k</sub>(L)'' syllables in language ''L'', the over-all semantic content ''S<sub>k</sub>'' is equivalent from one language to another, the average quantity of information per syllable for ''T<sub>k</sub>'' and for language ''L'' is calculated as in 1.
[[File:Equation 1.png|frameless]]
Since ''S<sub>k</sub>'' is language-independent, it was eliminated by computing a normalised information density (''ID'') using [[w:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (''VI'') as the benchmark. For each text ''T<sub>k</sub>'' and language ''L'', ''ID<sup>k</sup><sub>L</sub>'' resulted from a pairwise comparison of the text lengths (in terms of syllables) in ''L'' and ''VI'' respectively.
[[File:Luthic Equation 2.png|frameless]]
Next, the average information density ''ID<sub>L</sub>'' (in terms of linguistic information per syllable) with reference to ''VI'' is defined as the mean of ''ID<sup>k</sup><sub>L</sub>'' evaluated for the ''K'' texts.
[[File:Equation 3.png|frameless]]
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center;"
! width="25%"|Language
! width="25%"|ID<sub>L</sub>
! width="25%"|Syllabic rate
! width="25%"|Information rate
|-
| English || 0.91 || 6.19 || 1.08
|-
| French || 0.74 || 7.18 || 0.99
|-
| Italian || 0.72 || 6.99 || 0.96
|-
| Spanish || 0.63 || 7.82 || 0.98
|-
| German || 0.79 || 5.67 || 0.90
|-
| Luthic || 0.81 || 6.45 || 0.97
|-
| Vietnamese || 1 (reference) || 5.22 || 1 (reference)
|}
Another factor is the syllabic complexity index, being measured in two ways: '''type''' and '''token'''.
# Type complexity: considers each unique syllable only once when calculating the average complexity.
# Token complexity: takes into account the frequency of occurrence of each unique syllable in the corpus by weighting the complexity accordingly.
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center;"
! width="25%"|Language
! width="25%"|Syllable inventory size
! width="25%"|Type complexity
! width="25%"|Token complexity
|-
| English || 7,931 || 3.70 || 2.48
|-
| French || 5,646 || 3.50 || 2.21
|-
| Italian || 2,719 || 3.50  || 2.30
|-
| Spanish || 1,593 || 3.30 || 2.40
|-
| German || 4,207 || 3.70 || 2.68
|-
| Luthic || 4,129 || 3.60 || 2.40
|}


===The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion===
===The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion===
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| seina
| seina
|}
|}
Pronouns often a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs, being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Clitic pronouns
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
! rowspan=2| 1<sup>st</sup> person
! rowspan=2| 2<sup>st</sup> person
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person
! rowspan=2| reflexive
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
!rowspan=3| Singular
! {{small|acc.}}
| mi
| þi <br >ti¹ <br >di²
| lȯ
| la
| lȯ
| si
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| mi
| þi <br >ti¹ <br >di²
| ġli
| ġle
| ġli
| si
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| ne
| ne
| ne
| ne
|-
!rowspan=3| Plural
! {{small|acc.}}
| ci
| vi
| los
| las
| la
| si
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
| ci
| vi
| li
| li
| li
| si
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| —
| —
| ne
| ne
| ne
| ne
|}
: ¹ before voiceless fricatives or sonorants
: ² before voiced fricatives or sonorants
* These forms are often ignored or regarded as [[w:Hypercorrection|hypercorrection]], commoner in Italian influenced [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| fral·lom
| fral·lom
|}
|}
====Conjunctions====
Most of the Luthic monosyllabic conjunctions and prepositions have preconsonantal and prevocalic variations.
* ''e'' and ''ed''
* ''au'' and ''aud''
* ''a'' and ''ab''
* ''a'' and ''ad''
Intervocalic conjunctions are often reduced, these reductions are however not mandatory:
* ''e'', ''ed'' but ''·d'' if intervocalic
* ''ac'' but ''·c'' if intervocalic
Examples:
* Ic e þû (I and you)
* Ic ed is (I and he)
* Þû·d ic (You and I)
* Is ed ic (He and I)
* Ic au þû? (I or you?)
* Ic aud is? (I or he?)
* Þû·d ic? (You or I?)
* Is aud ic? (He or I?)


===Romance copula===
===Romance copula===
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<big>[[w:The North Wind and the Sun|The North Wind and the Sun]] in Luthic:</big>
<big>[[w:The North Wind and the Sun|The North Wind and the Sun]] in Luthic:</big>


* '''Orthographic version in Luthic'''
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic'''
: ''Il vendo trabairganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aino pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabairganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maize is soffiavat, ata maize il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, al·lȯ angiȯ il vendo desistait dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovait lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabairganȧ obbligauda ad andahaitare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''
: ''Il vendo trabairganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aino pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabairganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maize is soffiavat, ata maize il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, al·lȯ angiȯ il vendo desistait dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovait lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabairganȧ obbligauda ad andahaitare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''


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* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''
: [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' '''ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾa''' ‖ il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.n' duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.ɾe''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐh‿hɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈven.du '''deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔɾ.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.ɾɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐɾ.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo çeˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu ʁiˈmwo.vɛθ lo hɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.da.çɛˈta.ɾe ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zo''' ˈtvo.ɾu]
: [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' '''ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾa''' ‖ il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.n' duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.ɾe''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐh‿hɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈven.du '''deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔɾ.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.ɾɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐɾ.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo çeˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu ʁiˈmwo.vɛθ lo hɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.da.çɛˈta.ɾe ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zo''' ˈtvo.ɾu]
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions'''
: ''Il vendo trabairganȧ·d ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aino pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabairganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maize is soffiavat, ata maize il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, all’angiȯ il vendo desistait dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovait lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabairganȧ obbligauda·d andahaitare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''




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* Stewart, William A. (1968). ''A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. Berlin: De Gruyter.
* Stewart, William A. (1968). ''A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. Berlin: De Gruyter.
* Danilevitch, Olga (2019). ''Logical Semantics Approach for Data Modeling in XBRL Taxonomies''. Minsk: Belarusian State Economic University.
* Danilevitch, Olga (2019). ''Logical Semantics Approach for Data Modeling in XBRL Taxonomies''. Minsk: Belarusian State Economic University.
* Pellegrino, F.; Coupé, C.; Marsico, E. (2011). ''Across-language perspective on speech information rate''. Paris: French National Centre for Scientific Research.
* Gumperz, John J.; Cook-Gumperz, Jenny (2008). ''Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?''. Journal of Sociolinguistics.
* Gumperz, John J.; Cook-Gumperz, Jenny (2008). ''Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?''. Journal of Sociolinguistics.
* Stewart, William A (1968). ''A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A (ed.), ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
* Stewart, William A (1968). ''A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A (ed.), ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
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