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==Introduction==
[[Category: Languages]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Artlangs]]
[[Category: A priori]]
[[Category: Baraqesh languages]]


Maltcégj is an a priori, agglutinative, semi-analytic head-initial language created by BenJamin P. Johnson in 2001. It has a strict VSO sentence structure that is modified with large numbers of verbal and nominal particles.
Maltcégj is an a priori, agglutinative, semi-analytic head-initial language created by BenJamin P. Johnson in 2001. It has a strict VSO sentence structure that is modified with large numbers of verbal and nominal particles.
{{Bpnjohnson.info|Maltcégj|maltcégj|mɑlˈʧɛɡ͡ʒ|2001||language isolate|Baraqesh||||||||mltj}}


==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| '''a''' || '''b''' || '''c''' || '''d''' || '''ð''' || '''e''' || '''f''' || '''g''' || '''ǧ''' || '''h''' || '''i'''
| '''a'''  
| '''b'''  
| '''c'''  
| '''d'''  
| '''ð'''  
| '''e'''  
| '''f'''  
| '''g'''  
| '''ǧ'''  
| '''h'''  
| '''i'''
|-
|-
| /ɑ/ || /b/ || /ʃ/ || /d/ || /ð/ || /ɛ/ || /f/ || /g/ || /γ/ || /h/ || /i/
| /ɑ/  
| /b/  
| /ʃ/  
| /d/  
| /ð/  
| /ɛ/  
| /f/  
| /g/  
| /γ/  
| /h/  
| /i/
|-
|-
| '''j''' || '''k''' || '''l''' || '''ɮ''' || '''ʌ''' || '''m''' || '''n''' || '''o''' || '''ǫ''' || '''p''' || '''r'''
| '''j'''  
| '''k'''  
| '''l'''  
| '''ɮ'''  
| '''ʌ'''  
| '''m'''  
| '''n'''  
| '''o'''  
| '''ǫ'''  
| '''p'''  
| '''r'''
|-
|-
| /ʒ/ || /k/ || /l/ || /ɮ/ || /ɫ̩/ || /m/ || /n/ || /o/ || /ɔ/ || /p/ || /ɾ/
| /ʒ/  
| /k/  
| /l/  
| /ɮ/  
| /ɫ̩/  
| /m/  
| /n/  
| /o/  
| /ɔ/  
| /p/  
| /ɾ/
|-
|-
| '''ʀ''' || '''s''' || '''t''' || '''þ''' || '''u''' || '''v''' || '''w''' || '''x''' || '''y''' || '''ẏ''' || '''z'''
| '''ʀ'''  
| '''s'''  
| '''t'''  
| '''þ'''  
| '''u'''  
| '''v'''  
| '''w'''  
| '''x'''  
| '''y'''  
| '''ẏ'''  
| '''z'''
|-
|-
| /ɹ̩/ || /s/ || /t/ || /θ/ || /u/ || /v/ || /w/ || /x/ || /ɪ/ || /j/ || /z/
| /ɹ̩/  
| /s/  
| /t/  
| /θ/  
| /u/  
| /v/  
| /w/  
| /x/  
| /ɪ/  
| /j/  
| /z/
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 23: Line 89:
===Orthography===
===Orthography===


Primary stress is indicated in words of more than one syllable with an acute accent over the primary vowel. In diphthongs, the accent is placed on the first vowel.
* Primary stress is indicated in words of more than one syllable with an acute accent over the primary vowel. In diphthongs, the accent is placed on the first vowel.
 
* Where two vowels appear together but are ''not'' a diphthong, the second vowel is marked with a diæresis if it is a front vowel, or with a single dot if a back vowel (i.e. ï, ÿ, ë, ȧ, ǫ̇, ȯ, u̇), e.g. oï.  
Where two vowels appear together but are ''not'' a diphthong, the second vowel is marked with a diæresis if it is a front vowel; with a single dot if a back vowel (i.e. ï, ÿ, ë, ȧ, ǫ̇, ȯ, u̇), e.g. oï. Even if this would not result in a standard diphthong, this convention is still followed any time there are two disyllabic pertingent vowels, e.g. ''kúluï'' 'all', ''itáliȧ'' 'Italy'.
**Even if this would not result in a standard diphthong, this convention is still followed any time there are two disyllabic pertingent vowels, e.g. ''[[Contionary: kúluï#Maltcégj|kúluï]]'' ‘all’, ''[[Contionary: itáliȧ#Maltcégj|itáliȧ]]'' ‘Italy’.  
 
**If the second vowel is stressed, however, the first vowel is marked instead, e.g. italiáno → ''[[Contionary: italïáno#Maltcégj| italïáno]]'' ‘Italian’.
If the second vowel is stressed, however, the first vowel is marked instead, e.g. italiáno → ''italïáno'' 'Italian'.
**(NB: This stylistic rule is followed rather loosely, and often only applies to the letters 〈ë〉 and 〈ï〉.)
 
* No capital letters are used.
No capital letters are used.


===Native Writing System===
===Native Writing System===
Line 35: Line 100:
Maltcégj is also written using a featural alphabet which treats the vowels as diacritics, and also uses diacritics to describe manner of articulation and consonant clusters. In all there are only seven “letters”; all other phonetic functions are filled by diacritics or modifications of these seven characters. (Actually, there are really only four: the labial, dental, palatal, and glottal forms are just directional variations of the same character, and the rhotic is just a turned lambdic.)
Maltcégj is also written using a featural alphabet which treats the vowels as diacritics, and also uses diacritics to describe manner of articulation and consonant clusters. In all there are only seven “letters”; all other phonetic functions are filled by diacritics or modifications of these seven characters. (Actually, there are really only four: the labial, dental, palatal, and glottal forms are just directional variations of the same character, and the rhotic is just a turned lambdic.)


===Phonology===
The default characters are the voiced continuants. (NB: The default form is used by /h/ because there is no unvoiced equivalent.)
 
====Stops====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!width=160px| 
!width=100px| Labial
!width=100px| Dental
!width=100px| Coronal
!width=100px| Palatal
!width=100px| Velar
!width=100px| Glottal
!width=300px| Description
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Continuant (Voiced)
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-v.gif]]<br />'''v''' /v/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-ð.gif]]<br />'''ð''' /ð/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-z.gif]]<br />'''z''' /z/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-j.gif]]<br />'''j''' /ʒ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-gh.gif]]<br />'''ǧ''' /γ/
|
| These are the default forms of all the obstruents.
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Coninuant (Unvoiced)
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-f.gif]]<br />'''f''' /f/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-þ.gif]]<br />'''þ''' /θ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-s.gif]]<br />'''s''' /s/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-c.gif]]<br />'''c''' /ʃ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-x.gif]]<br />'''x''' /x/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-h.gif]]<br />'''h''' /h/
| For devoicing, an extra stroke is added to the body of the character. (There is not an extra stroke in 〈h〉, because since there is no voiced equivalent, it is simpler to leave it in default form.)
|-
|-
|colspan="3"| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan="3"| '''Voiced'''
!
!colspan=2| Labial
!colspan=2| Alveolar
!colspan=2| Vela
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''p''' ||valign="top"| /p/ || as in '''p'''ut<br>'''''p'''ul'' [pʰul] 'he' ||valign="top"| '''b''' ||valign="top"| /b/ || as in '''b'''at<br>'''''b'''adj'' [bʰad͡ʒ] 'to have'
!style="text-align: right"| Stops
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-b.gif]]<br />'''b''' /b/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-p.gif]]<br />'''p''' /p/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-d.gif]]<br />'''d''' /d/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-t.gif]]<br />'''t''' /t/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-g.gif]]<br />'''g''' /g/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-k.gif]]<br />'''k''' /k/
| Stops are indicated by a diacritic: [[File:Maltcégj-plosive.gif]]
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''t''' ||valign="top"| /t/ || as in '''t'''op<br>'''''t'''alp'' [tʰɑlp] 'head' ||valign="top"| '''d''' ||valign="top"| /d/ || as in '''d'''og<br>'''''d'''ið'' [dʰið] 'beautiful'
!style="text-align: right"| Nasal
|colspan=2 style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-m.gif]]<br />'''m''' /m/
|colspan=2 style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-n.gif]]<br />'''n''' /n/  
|  
|  
| A different diacritic is used for nasals: [[File:Maltcégj-nasal.gif]]
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''k''' ||valign="top"| /k/ || as in '''k'''eep<br>'''''k'''at'' [kʰɑt] 'dry' ||valign="top"| '''g''' ||valign="top"| /g/ || as in '''g'''et<br>'''''g'''elk'' [gʰɛlk] 'to give'
! &nbsp;
!colspan=3| Lambdic
!colspan=3| Rhotic
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Liquids
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-l.gif]]<br />'''l''' /l/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-lh.gif]]<br />'''ʌ''' /ɫ̩/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-l-diac.gif]] diacritic&nbsp;'''l'''
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-r.gif]]<br />'''r''' /ɾ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-rh.gif]]<br />'''ʀ''' /ɹ̩/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-r-diac.gif]] diacritic&nbsp;'''r''' 
| 〈r〉 and 〈l〉 only appear in default form when they stand on their own; whenever either appears as a part of a consonant cluster, they are written as a diacritic.
|}
|}


Initial stops have a tendency to be aspirated.
===Phonology===
 
====Consonants====
====Affricates====
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!width=160px| &nbsp;
!width=100px| Labial
!width=100px| Dental
!width=100px| Coronal
!width=100px| Palatal
!width=100px| Velar
!width=100px| Glottal
|-
!style="text-align: right"|Plosive
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|p · b
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|t · d
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|k · g
|
|-
!style="text-align: right"|Affricate
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|pf · bv
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|ts · dz
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|tc · dj
|
|
|-
!style="text-align: right"|Fricative
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|f · v
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|þ · ð
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|s · z
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|c · j
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|x · ǧ
|rowspan=2 style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|h ·
|-
|-
|colspan="3"| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan="3"| '''Voiced'''
!style="text-align: right"|Approximant
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ʀ<ref>〈ʀ〉 only occurs as a syllabic; it is treated as a vowel.</ref>
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ẏ
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · w
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''pf''' ||valign="top"| /p͡f / || as in German '''''Pf'''erd''<br>'''''pf'''atɮ'' [p͡fɑt͡ɬ] 'spit' ||valign="top"| '''bv''' ||valign="top"| /b͡v / || as in o'''bv'''ious <br>'''''bv'''rac'' [bvɾɑʃ] 'sparrow'
!style="text-align: right"|Nasal
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · m
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · n
|
|
|
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''ts''' ||valign="top"| /ʦ/ || as in ge'''ts'''<br>''fran'''ts''''' [fɾɑnʦ] 'France' ||valign="top"| '''dz''' ||valign="top"| /ʣ/ || as in a'''dz'''e<br>''xan'''dz''''' [xɑnʣ] 'Chinese character'
!style="text-align: right"|Tap / Flap
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · r
|
|
|
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''tc''' ||valign="top"| /ʧ/ || as in '''ch'''ur'''ch'''<br>'''''tc'''itsíc'' [ʧi'ʦiʃ] 'to sneeze' ||valign="top"| '''dj''' ||valign="top"| /ʤ/ || as in '''j'''u'''dge'''<br>'''''dj'''áska'' ['ʤɑskɑ] 'cinnamon'
!style="text-align: right"|Lateral Affricate
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|tɮ · dɮ
|
|
|
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''tɮ''' ||valign="top"| /ƛ (t͡ɬ)/ || as <ll> in Icelandic ''a'''ll'''a''<br>''txa'''tɮ''''' [txɑt͡ɬ] 'slap' ||valign="top"| '''dɮ''' ||valign="top"| /λ (d͡ɮ)/ || as in Xhosa ''in'''dl'''ovu''<br>''ó'''dɮ'''o'' ['o.d͡ɮo] 'mouth'
!style="text-align: right"|Lateral Fricative
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ɮ
|
|
|
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right"|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · l
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ʌ<ref>〈ʀ〉 only occurs as a syllabic; it is treated as a vowel.</ref>
|
|}
|}


There are eight "pure" affricates in Maltcégj, though none are represented by their own unique character.  For more information, see Consonant Clusters, below.
=====Stops=====
 
====Fricatives====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Unvoiced
!colspan=3| Voiced
|-
|-
|colspan="3"| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan="3"| '''Voiced'''
!valign="top"| p
|-
|valign="top"| /p/  
|valign="top"| '''f''' ||valign="top"| /f/ || as in '''f'''oot<br>'''''f'''aurx'' [fau̯ɾx] 'heat'||valign="top"| '''v''' ||valign="top"| /v/ || as in '''v'''ery<br>'''''v'''íktro ['vik.tɾo] 'tree'
| as in '''p'''ut<br />[[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|'''''p'''ul'']] [pʰul] ‘he’
|-
!valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| '''þ''' ||valign="top"| /θ/ || as <th> in '''th'''ing<br>'''''þ'''ad [θɑd] 'man'||valign="top"| '''ð''' ||valign="top"| /ð/ || as <th> in '''th'''en<br>'''''ð'''ak [ðɑk] 'to say'
|valign="top"| /b/  
|-
| as in '''b'''at<br />[[Contionary: badj#Maltcégj|'''''b'''adj'']] [bʰaʤ] ‘to have’
|valign="top"| '''s''' ||valign="top"| /s/ || as in '''s'''ing<br>'''''s'''alméilo'' [sɑl'mɛi̯.lo] 'apple'||valign="top"| '''z''' ||valign="top"| /z/ || as in '''z'''oo<br>'''''z'''endj'' [zɛnʤ] 'paint'
|-
|valign="top"| '''c''' ||valign="top"| /ʃ/ || as <sh> in '''sh'''oe<br>'''''c'''ul'' [ʃul] 'prophesy'||valign="top"| '''j''' ||valign="top"| /ʒ/ || as in French '''''j'''amais''<br>'''''j'''adíȯ'' [ʒɑ'di.o] 'sun'
|-
|valign="top"| '''x''' ||valign="top"| /x/ || as <ch> in German ''Ba'''ch'''''<br>'''''x'''ac'' [xɑc] 'difficult'||valign="top"| '''ǧ''' ||valign="top"| /γ/ || as <g> in Spanish ''ami'''g'''o''<br>'''''ǧ'''énba'' ['γɛn.bɑ] 'apricot'
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''h''' ||valign="top"| /h/ || as in '''h'''ello<br>'''''h'''anák'' [hɑ'nɑk] 'person, human'
!valign="top"| t
|valign="top"| /t/
| as in '''t'''op<br />[[Contionary: talp#Maltcégj|'''''t'''alp'']] [tʰɑlp] ‘head’
!valign="top"| d
|valign="top"| /d/  
| as in '''d'''og<br />[[Contionary: dið#Maltcégj|'''''d'''ið'']] [dʰið] ‘beautiful’
|-
|-
!valign="top"| k
|valign="top"| /k/
| as in '''k'''eep<br />[[Contionary: kat#Maltcégj|'''''k'''at'']] [kʰɑt] ‘dry’
!valign="top"| g
|valign="top"| /g/
| as in '''g'''et<br />[[Contionary: gelk#Maltcégj|'''''g'''elk'']] [gʰɛlk] ‘to give’
|}
|}


====Nasals====
Initial stops have a tendency to be aspirated.
 
=====Affricates=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Unvoiced
!colspan=3| Voiced
|-
!valign="top"| pf
|valign="top"| /p͡f/
| as in German '''''Pf'''erd''<br />[[Contionary: pfatɮ#Maltcégj|'''''pf'''atɮ'']] [p͡fɑt͡ɬ] ‘spit’
!valign="top"| bv
|valign="top"| /b͡v/
| as in o'''bv'''ious <br />[[Contionary: bvrac#Maltcégj|'''''bv'''rac'']] [bvɾɑʃ] ‘sparrow’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''m''' ||valign="top"| /m/ || as in '''m'''an<br>'''''m'''árga'' ['mɑɾ.ga] 'house'
!valign="top"| ts
|valign="top"| /ʦ/
| as in ge'''ts'''<br />[[Contionary: frants#Maltcégj|''fran'''ts''''']] [fɾɑnʦ] ‘France’
!valign="top"| dz
|valign="top"| /ʣ/  
| as in a'''dz'''e<br />[[Contionary: xandz#Maltcégj|''xan'''dz''''']] [xɑnʣ] ‘Chinese character’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''n''' ||valign="top"| /n/ || as in '''n'''ose<br>'''''n'''yj'' [nɪʒ] 'grain'
!valign="top"| tc
|valign="top"| /ʧ/
| as in '''ch'''ur'''ch'''<br />[[Contionary: tcitsíc#Maltcégj|'''''tc'''itsíc'']] [ʧi’ʦiʃ] ‘to sneeze’
!valign="top"| dj
|valign="top"| /ʤ/  
| as in '''j'''u'''dge'''<br />[[Contionary: djáska#Maltcégj|'''''dj'''áska'']] [‘ʤɑskɑ] ‘cinnamon’
|-
|-
!valign="top"| tɮ
|valign="top"| /ƛ (t͡ɬ)/
| as 〈ll〉 in Icelandic ''a'''ll'''a''<br />[[Contionary: txatɮ#Maltcégj|''txa'''tɮ''''']] [txɑt͡ɬ] ‘slap’
!valign="top"| dɮ
|valign="top"| /λ (d͡ɮ)/
| as in Xhosa ''in'''dl'''ovu''<br />[[Contionary: ódɮo#Maltcégj|''ó'''dɮ'''o'']] [‘o.d͡ɮo] ‘mouth’
|}
|}


NB: There is no realization of /ŋ/, even before a velar obstruent. In many cases, an epenthetic <e> may intervene between <n> and a velar, but even when it does not, the letters are pronounced independently. E.g. '''gýnko''' /'gɪn.ko/ 'ginko', not **/'gɪŋ.ko/.
There are eight “pure” affricates in Maltcégj, though none are represented by their own unique character. For more information, see [[#Consonant Clusters|Consonant Clusters]], below.


====Liquids====
=====Fricatives=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Unvoiced
!colspan=3| Voiced
|-
|-
| '''l''' || /l/ || as in '''l'''amb<br>'''''l'''exét'' [lɛ'xɛt] 'much, many'
!valign="top"| f
|valign="top"| /f/
| as in '''f'''oot<br />[[Contionary: faurx#Maltcégj|'''''f'''aurx'']] [fau̯ɾx] ‘heat’
!valign="top"| v
|valign="top"| /v/  
| as in '''v'''ery<br />[[Contionary: víktro#Maltcégj|'''''v'''íktro]] [‘vik.tɾo] ‘tree’
|-
|-
| '''r''' || /ɾ/ || as in Spanish ''pe'''r'''o''<br>'''''r'''áta ['ɾɑ.tɑ] 'child'
!valign="top"| þ
|valign="top"| /θ/
| as 〈th〉 in '''th'''ing<br />[[Contionary: þad#Maltcégj|'''''þ'''ad]] [θɑd] ‘man’
!valign="top"| ð
|valign="top"| /ð/  
| as 〈th〉 in '''th'''en<br />[[Contionary: ðak#Maltcégj|'''''ð'''ak]] [ðɑk] ‘to say’
|-
|-
| '''ɮ''' || /ɮ,ɬ/* || as in Zulu ''in'''dl'''ala<br>'''''ɮ'''at'' [ɮɑt] 'tooth'
!valign="top"| s
|valign="top"| /s/
| as in '''s'''ing<br />[[Contionary: salméilo#Maltcégj|'''''s'''alméilo'']] [sɑl’mɛi̯.lo] ‘apple’
!valign="top"| z
|valign="top"| /z/  
| as in '''z'''oo<br />[[Contionary: zendj#Maltcégj|'''''z'''endj'']] [zɛnʤ] ‘paint’
|-
|-
| '''ʌ''' || /ɫ̩/**
!valign="top"| c
|valign="top"| /ʃ/
| as 〈sh〉 in '''sh'''oe<br />[[Contionary: cul#Maltcégj|'''''c'''ul'']] [ʃul] ‘prophesy’
!valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| /ʒ/  
| as in French '''''j'''amais''<br />[[Contionary: jadíȯ#Maltcégj|'''''j'''adíȯ'']] [ʒɑ’di.o] ‘sun’
|-
|-
| '''ʀ''' || /ɹ̩/**
!valign="top"| x
|valign="top"| /x/
| as 〈ch〉 in German ''Ba'''ch'''''<br />[[Contionary: xac#Maltcégj|'''''x'''ac'']] [xɑʃ] ‘difficult’
|valign="top"| ǧ
!valign="top"| /γ/  
| as 〈g〉 in Spanish ''ami'''g'''o''<br />[[Contionary: ǧénba#Maltcégj|'''''ǧ'''énba'']] [‘γɛn.bɑ] ‘apricot’
|-
|-
!valign="top"| h
|valign="top"| /h/
| as in '''h'''ello<br />[[Contionary: hanák#Maltcégj|'''''h'''anák'']] [hɑ’nɑk] ‘person, human’
|}
|}


<nowiki>*</nowiki> <ɮ> becomes devoiced to /ɬ/ when it occurs adjacent to an unvoiced obstruent (most frequently in the clusters <pɮ>, <tɮ>, and <kɮ>), e.g. ''txa'''tɮ''''' [txɑt͡ɬ] 'slap'.
=====Nasals=====


<nowiki>**</nowiki> While technically liquids, <ʌ> and <ʀ> never occur non-syllabically, and are better treated as vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| m
|valign="top"| /m/
| as in '''m'''an<br />[[Contionary: márga#Maltcégj|'''''m'''árga'']] [‘mɑɾ.ga] ‘house’
|-
!valign="top"| n
|valign="top"| /n/
| as in '''n'''ose<br />[[Contionary: nyj#Maltcégj|'''''n'''yj'']]  [nɪʒ] ‘grain’
|}


====Glides====
NB: There is no realization of a nasal as /ŋ/, even before a velar obstruent. In many cases, an epenthetic 〈e〉 may intervene between 〈n〉 and a velar (e.g. ''[[Contionary: hánek#Maltcégj|hánek]]'' ‘grandfather’, from ''Hank''), but even when it does not, the letters are pronounced independently (e.g. ''[[Contionary: gýnko#Maltcégj|gýnko]]'' /'gɪn.ko/ ‘ginko’, not **/'gɪŋ.ko/).
 
=====Liquids=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| l
|valign="top"| /l/
| as in '''l'''amb<br />[[Contionary: lexét#Maltcégj|'''''l'''exét'']] [lɛ’xɛt] ‘much, many’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''w''' ||valign="top"| /w/ || as in '''w'''ood<br>'''''w'''ʌf'' [wɫ̩f] 'bone'
!valign="top"| r
|valign="top"| /ɾ/  
| as in Spanish ''pe'''r'''o''<br />[[Contionary: ráta#Maltcégj|'''''r'''áta]] [‘ɾɑ.tɑ] ‘child’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''ẏ''' ||valign="top"| /j/ || as <y> in '''y'''ou<br>'''''ẏ'''ála'' ['jɑ.lɑ] 'bird'
!valign="top"| ɮ
|valign="top"| /ɮ,ɬ/<ref>〈ɮ〉 becomes devoiced to /ɬ/ when it occurs adjacent to an unvoiced obstruent (most frequently in the clusters 〈pɮ〉, 〈tɮ〉, and 〈kɮ〉), e.g. [[Contionary: txatɮ#Maltcégj|''txa'''tɮ''''']] [txɑt͡ɬ] ‘slap’.</ref>
| as in Zulu ''in'''dl'''ala<br />[[Contionary: ɮat#Maltcégj|'''''ɮ'''at'']] [ɮɑt] ‘tooth’
|-
|-
!valign="top"| ʌ
| /ɫ̩/
|rowspan=2|<ref>While technically liquids, 〈ʌ〉 and 〈ʀ〉 never occur non-syllabically, and are better treated as vowels.</ref>
|-
!valign="top"| ʀ
| /ɹ̩/
|}
|}


====Vowels====
=====Glides=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| w
|valign="top"| /w/
| as in '''w'''ood<br />[[Contionary: wʌf#Maltcégj|'''''w'''ʌf'']] [wɫ̩f] ‘bone’
|-
|-
|colspan="3"| '''Front''' ||colspan="3"| '''Back'''
!valign="top"| ẏ
|valign="top"| /j/
| as 〈y〉 in '''y'''ou<br />[[Contionary: ẏála#Maltcégj|'''''ẏ'''ála'']] [‘jɑ.lɑ] ‘bird’
|}
 
=====Vowels=====
 
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Front
!colspan=3| Back
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''i''' || /i/ || as <ee> in b'''ee'''t<br>'''''í'''lǫx'' ['i.lɔx] 'knee'||valign="top"| '''u''' || /u/ || as <oo> in b'''oo'''t<br>'''''u'''cát'' [u'ʃɑt] 'mustard'
!valign="top"| i  
| /i/  
| as 〈ee〉 in b'''ee'''t<br />[[Contionary: ílǫx#Maltcégj|'''''í'''lǫx'']] [‘i.lɔx] ‘knee’
!valign="top"| u  
| /u/  
| as 〈oo〉 in b'''oo'''t<br />[[Contionary: ucát#Maltcégj|'''''u'''cát'']] [u’ʃɑt] ‘mustard’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''y''' || /ɪ/ || as <nowiki><i></nowiki> in b'''i'''t<br>'''''y'''lk'' [ɪlk] 'louse, nit'||valign="top"| '''o''' || /o/ || as <oa> in b'''oa'''t<br>''tc'''o'''k'' [ʧok] 'to go'
!valign="top"| y  
| /ɪ/  
| as 〈i〉 in b'''i'''t<br />[[Contionary: ylk#Maltcégj|'''''y'''lk'']] [ɪlk] ‘louse, nit’
!valign="top"| o  
| /o/  
| as 〈oa〉 in b'''oa'''t<br />[[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|''tc'''o'''k'']] [ʧok] ‘to go’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''e''' || /ɛ/ || as in b'''e'''t<br>'''''é'''jva'' ['ɛʒ.vɑ] 'mouse'||valign="top"| '''ǫ''' || /ɔ/ || as <ou> in b'''ou'''ght<br>'''''ǫ́'''bri'' ['ɔ.bɾi] 'niece'
!valign="top"| e  
|-
| /ɛ/  
|colspan="3"| || '''a''' || /ɑ/ ||as in f'''a'''ther<br>'''''a'''dín'''a''''' [ɑ'di.nɑ] 'sister'
| as in b'''e'''t<br />[[Contionary: éjva#Maltcégj|'''''é'''jva'']] [‘ɛʒ.vɑ] ‘mouse’
!valign="top"| ǫ  
| /ɔ/  
| as 〈ou〉 in b'''ou'''ght<br />[[Contionary: ǫ́bri#Maltcégj|'''''ǫ́'''bri'']] [‘ɔ.bɾi] ‘niece’
|-
|-
|colspan=3|
!valign="top"| a
| /ɑ/
|as in f'''a'''ther<br />[[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|'''''a'''dín'''a''''']] [ɑ’di.nɑ] ‘sister’
|}
|}


====Syllabic Liquids====
=====Syllabic Liquids=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| ʌ
|valign="top"| /ɫ̩/
| as 〈le〉 in midd'''le'''<br />[[Contionary: ʌ́lax#Maltcégj|'''''ʌ́'''nax'']] [‘ɫ̩.nɑx] ‘shopping’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''ʌ''' ||valign="top"| /ɫ̩/ || as <le> in midd'''le'''<br>'''''ʌ́'''nax'' ['ɫ̩.nɑx] 'shopping'
!valign="top"| ʀ
|-
|valign="top"| /ɹ̩/  
|valign="top"| '''ʀ''' ||valign="top"| /ɹ̩/ || as <er> in bett'''er'''<br>''w'''ʀ'''n'' [wɹ̩n] '(maternal) grandparent'
| as 〈er〉 in bett'''er'''<br />[[Contionary: wʀn#Maltcégj|''w'''ʀ'''n'']] [wɹ̩n] ‘(maternal) grandparent’
|-
|}
|}


<ʌ> and <ʀ> are considered vowels in Maltcégj and never occur non-syllabically. However, they are not subject to the same diacritic rules for other non-diphthongs as other vowels (though they are still marked when stressed).
〈ʌ〉 and 〈ʀ〉 are considered vowels in Maltcégj and never occur non-syllabically. However, they are not subject to the same diacritic rules for other non-diphthongs as other vowels (though they are still marked when stressed).


====Diphthongs====
=====Diphthongs=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Front
!colspan=3| Back
|-
|-
! Front !! !! !! Back !! !!
!valign="top"|  ai
|-
|valign="top"|  /ɑi̯/  
|valign="top"|  '''ai''' ||valign="top"|  /ɑi̯/ || as <i> in h'''i'''gh<br>''skw'''ai''''' [skwɑi̯] 'lemon'||valign="top"|  '''au''' ||valign="top"| /au̯/ || as in German ''H'''au'''s''<br>''ml'''au''''' [mlau̯] 'what'
| as '' in h'''i'''gh<br />[[Contionary: skwai#Maltcégj|''skw'''ai''''']] [skwɑi̯] ‘lemon’
|-
!valign="top"|  au  
|valign="top"|  '''ei''' ||valign="top"|  /ei̯/ || as in w'''ei'''gh<br>'''''ei'''ct'' [ei̯ʃt] 'game'||valign="top"|  '''eu''' ||valign="top"| /ɛu̯/ || as <ew> in Welsh '''''ew''ro'''<br>''ð'''eu'''p'' [ðɛu̯p] 'foot'
|valign="top"| /au̯/  
| as in German ''H'''au'''s''<br />[[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|''ml'''au''''']] [mlau̯] ‘what’
|-
|-
|valign="top"|  '''oi''' ||valign="top"| /ɔi̯/ || as in '''oi'''l<br>''m'''oi'''n'' [mɔi̯n] 'warmth'
!valign="top"|  ei
|valign="top"|  /ei̯/
| as in w'''ei'''gh<br />[[Contionary: eict#Maltcégj|'''''ei'''ct'']] [ei̯ʃt] ‘game’
!valign="top"|  eu
|valign="top"| /ɛu̯/  
| as 〈ew〉 in Welsh '''''ew'''ro''<br />[[Contionary: ðeup#Maltcégj|''ð'''eu'''p'']] [ðɛu̯p] ‘foot’
|-
|-
!valign="top"|  oi
|valign="top"|  /ɔi̯/
| as in '''oi'''l<br />[[Contionary: moin#Maltcégj|''m'''oi'''n'']] [mɔi̯n] ‘warmth’
|}
|}


Line 179: Line 486:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !!  !!  !! Notes !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal
! Person  
!   
!   
! Notes  
! Reflexive  
! Reciprocal
|-
|-
| 1sg || ''jǫg'' || I ||  || ''jagj'' || --
| 1sg  
| ''[[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]]''  
| I  
|   
| ''[[Contionary: jagj#Maltcégj|jagj]]''  
|style="background-color: #CCCCCC;" rowspan=7| --
|-
|-
| 2sg || ''mélem'' || you ||  || ''madj'' || --
| 2sg  
| ''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]''  
| you  
|   
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: madj#Maltcégj|madj]]''
|-
|-
| 2sg || ''mélminei'' || you || formal || ''madj'' || --
| 2sg  
| ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]''  
| you  
| formal
|-
|-
| 3sg.f. || ''pel'' || she || feminine || ''peibj'' || --
| 3sg.f.  
| ''[[Contionary: pel#Maltcégj|pel]]''  
| she  
| feminine  
|rowspan=4| ''[[Contionary: peibj#Maltcégj|peibj]]''
|-
|-
| 3sg.m || ''pul'' || he || masculine || ''peibj'' || --
| 3sg.m  
| ''[[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]]''  
| he  
| masculine
|-
|-
| 3sg.n || ''paj'' || it || inanimate || ''peibj'' || --
| 3sg.n  
| ''[[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]]''  
| it  
| inanimate
|-
|-
| 3sg || ''pʌ'' || “they” || general or non-specific || ''peibj'' || --
| 3sg  
| ''[[Contionary: pʌ#Maltcégj|pʌ]]''  
| “they”  
| general or non-specific
|-
|-
| 1pl || ''jǫ́lmin'' || we || inclusive || ''jeltc'' || ''játci''
| 1pl  
| ''[[Contionary: jǫ́lmin#Maltcégj|jǫ́lmin]]''  
| we  
| inclusive  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: jeltc#Maltcégj|jeltc]]''  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: játci#Maltcégj|játci]]''
|-
|-
| 1pl || ''jalk'' || we || general or exclusive || ''jeltc'' || ''játci''
| 1pl  
| ''[[Contionary: jalk#Maltcégj|jalk]]''  
| we  
| general or exclusive
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''mélem'' || you ||  || ''madj'' || ''mládji''
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]''  
| you  
|   
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: madj#Maltcégj|madj]]''  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: mládji#Maltcégj|mládji]]''
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''mélminei'' || you || formal || ''madj'' || ''mládji''
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]''  
| you  
| formal
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''parþ'' || they || general || ''pyldj'' || ''píkci''
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]]''  
| they  
| general  
| ''[[Contionary: pyldj#Maltcégj|pyldj]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: píkci#Maltcégj|píkci]]''
|}
|}


Some of the most basic elements of language, pronouns will take the place of the subject in most sentences. Maltcégj pronoun structure does not differentiate much from that of English with the exception of a formal and informal second person, and the formal is very infrequently used, but there are “optional” pronouns which may offer more clarity. Just remember to use ''mélminei'' you’re speaking to someone with whom you would use a title in English (e.g. faculty members, judges, business associates, &c). Otherwise, the pronouns above will get you through most situations.
Some of the most basic elements of language, pronouns will take the place of the subject in most sentences. Maltcégj pronoun structure does not differentiate much from that of English with the exception of a formal and informal second person, and the formal is very infrequently used, but there are “optional” pronouns which may offer more clarity. Just remember to use ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]'' when you’re speaking to someone with whom you would use a title in English (e.g. faculty members, judges, business associates, &c). Otherwise, the pronouns above will get you through most situations.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !!  !!  !! Notes !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal
! Person  
!   
!   
! Notes  
! Reflexive  
! Reciprocal
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''akmélem'' || you (all) ||  || ''madj'' || ''mládji''
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akmélem#Maltcégj|akmélem]]''  
| you (all)  
|   
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: madj#Maltcégj|madj]]''  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: mládji#Maltcégj|mládji]]''
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''akmélminei'' || you (all) || formal || ''madj'' || ''mládji''
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akmélminei#Maltcégj|akmélminei]]''  
| you (all)  
| formal
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpél'' || they || feminine (=parth) || ''pyldj'' || ''píkci''
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpél#Maltcégj|akpél]]''  
| they  
| feminine (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]])  
|rowspan=4| ''[[Contionary: pyldj#Maltcégj|pyldj]]''  
|rowspan=4| ''[[Contionary: píkci#Maltcégj|píkci]]''
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpúl'' || they || masculine (=parth) || ''pyldj'' || ''píkci''
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpúl#Maltcégj|akpúl]]''  
| they  
| masculine (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]])
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpáj'' || they || inanimate (=parth) || ''pyldj'' || ''píkci''
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpáj#Maltcégj|akpáj]]''  
| they  
| inanimate (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]])
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpʌ́'' || they || (=parth, incorrect) || ''pyldj'' || ''píkci''
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpʌ́#Maltcégj|akpʌ́]]''  
| they  
| (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]], incorrect)
|-
|-
|}
|}


If you want to be more specific, however, you can use the plural particle ''ak'' with the singular pronouns (with the exception of ''jǫg'') to make them plural. You can optionally add ''ak'' to ''mélem'' and ''mélminei'' to further explain that you are referring to more than one person.  You can also use ''ak'' with the third person pronouns if you explicitly want to annotate gender. Note, however, that saying ''akpʌ́'' is technically incorrect: This should more accurately be ''parþ'', but ''akpʌ́'' is common in speech, just as saying ''they'' in English is common to refer to a singular person whose gender is unknown or unclear (as in “Someone left their notebook here.”)
If you want to be more specific, however, you can use the plural particle ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' with the singular pronouns (with the exception of ''[[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]]'') to make them plural. You can optionally add ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' to ''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]'' and ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]'' to further explain that you are referring to more than one person.  You can also use ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' with the third person pronouns if you explicitly want to annotate gender. Note, however, that saying ''[[Contionary: akpʌ́#Maltcégj|akpʌ́]]'' is technically incorrect: This should more accurately be ''[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]]'', but ''[[Contionary: akpʌ́#Maltcégj|akpʌ́]]'' is common in speech, just as saying ''they'' in English is common to refer to a singular person whose gender is unknown or unclear (as in “Someone left their notebook here.”)


In case you are unfamiliar with the idea of inclusive and exclusive we, only use ''jǫ́lmin'' when the person you are addressing is part of the “we” in question, i.e. if you can replace it with “you and I”, or “you and the rest of us”; otherwise, always use ''jalk''.  
In case you are unfamiliar with the idea of inclusive and exclusive we, only use ''[[Contionary: jǫ́lmin#Maltcégj|jǫ́lmin]]'' when the person you are addressing is part of the “we” in question, i.e. if you can replace it with “you and I”, or “you and the rest of us”; otherwise, always use ''[[Contionary: jalk#Maltcégj|jalk]]''. (''[[Contionary: jalk#Maltcégj|jalk]]'' can be used in an inclusive or exclusive sense if none is specified; ''[[Contionary: jǫ́lmin#Maltcégj|jǫ́lmin]]'' can only be inclusive.)


In fact, pronouns in Maltcégj are even a little simpler than those in English, because there are no cases to decline. Possessives (''my'', ''your'', ''his'', ''our'', &c.) are formed by adding the preposition ''u-'' to the word being possessed, and the accusative case (''me'', ''him'', ''her'', ''them'', &c.) by adding the postposition ''-a'' to the pronoun.
In fact, pronouns in Maltcégj are even a little simpler than those in English, because there are no cases to decline. Possessives (''my'', ''your'', ''his'', ''our'', &c.) are formed by adding the preposition ''[[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u-]]'' to the word being possessed, and the accusative case (''me'', ''him'', ''her'', ''them'', &c.) by adding the postposition ''[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|-a]]'' to the pronoun.
 
The reflexive pronouns are used when the verb of the sentence is being done ''to'' the subject of the sentence ''by'' the subject of the sentence; that is to say, when we would use the word “-self” in English (e.g. myself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, &c.)
 
The reciprocal pronouns are similar to the reflexive (and in many languages they are identical), but they apply only to plural subjects when the action of the verb is being done to another member of the same plural group. (In English this is generally translated as “each other.”) Compare, for example:
 
''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]][[Contionary: ðak#Maltcégj|ðák]] [[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]] '''[[Contionary: pyldj#Maltcégj|pyldj]]'''''<br />
‘they are talking to themselves’
 
''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]][[Contionary: ðak#Maltcégj|ðák]] [[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]] '''[[Contionary: píkci#Maltcégj|píkci]]'''''<br />
‘they are talking to each other’


==Numbers==
==Numbers==
Line 236: Line 631:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| 0 || ''zo'' || zero
| 0  
| ''[[Contionary: zo#Maltcégj|zo]]''  
| zero
|-
|-
| 1 || ''am'' || one
| 1  
| ''[[Contionary: am#Maltcégj|am]]''  
| one
|-
|-
| 2 || ''dai'' || two
| 2  
| ''[[Contionary: dai#Maltcégj|dai]]''  
| two
|-
|-
| 3 || ''tran'' || three
| 3  
| ''[[Contionary: tran#Maltcégj|tran]]''  
| three
|-
|-
| 4 || ''jamp'' || four
| 4  
| ''[[Contionary: jamp#Maltcégj|jamp]]''  
| four
|-
|-
| 5 || ''frem'' || five
| 5  
| ''[[Contionary: frem#Maltcégj|frem]]''  
| five
|-
|-
| 6 || ''cei'' || six
| 6  
| ''[[Contionary: cei#Maltcégj|cei]]''  
| six
|-
|-
| 7 || ''dan'' || seven
| 7  
| ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]]''  
| seven
|-
|-
| 8 || ''relk'' || eight
| 8  
| ''[[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]]''  
| eight
|-
|-
| 9 || ''nein'' || nine
| 9  
| ''[[Contionary: nein#Maltcégj|nein]]''  
| nine
|-
|-
| 10 || ''seþ'' || ten
| 10  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]]''  
| ten
|-
|-
| 20 || ''daiséþ'' || twenty
| 20  
| ''[[Contionary: daiséþ#Maltcégj|daiséþ]]''  
| twenty
|-
|-
| 30 || ''transéþ'' || thirty
| 30  
| ''[[Contionary: transéþ#Maltcégj|transéþ]]''  
| thirty
|-
|-
| 40 || ''jampséþ'' || forty
| 40  
| ''[[Contionary: jampséþ#Maltcégj|jampséþ]]''  
| forty
|-
|-
| 50 || ''fremséþ'' || fifty
| 50  
| ''[[Contionary: fremséþ#Maltcégj|fremséþ]]''  
| fifty
|-
|-
| 60 || ''ceiséþ'' || sixty
| 60  
| ''[[Contionary: ceiséþ#Maltcégj|ceiséþ]]''  
| sixty
|-
|-
| 70 || ''danséþ'' || seventy
| 70  
| ''[[Contionary: danséþ#Maltcégj|danséþ]]''  
| seventy
|-
|-
| 80 || ''relkséþ'' || eighty
| 80  
| ''[[Contionary: relkséþ#Maltcégj|relkséþ]]''  
| eighty
|-
|-
| 90 || ''neinséþ'' || ninety
| 90  
| ''[[Contionary: neinséþ#Maltcégj|neinséþ]]''  
| ninety
|-
|-
| 100 || ''sam'' || hundred
| 100  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''  
| hundred
|-
|-
| 1,000 || ''seþ sam'' || thousand (=ten hundreds)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| 10,000 || ''cep'' || ten thousand
| 100
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''  
| hundred
|-
|-
| 100,000 || ''seþ cep'' || hundred thousand (=ten ten-thousands)
| 1,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''  
| thousand (=ten hundreds)
|-
|-
| 1,000,000 || ''sam cep'' || million (=hundred ten-thousands)
| 10,000  
| ''[[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| ten thousand
|-
|-
| 10,000,000 || ''seþ sam cep'' || ten million (=ten hundred ten-thousands)
| 100,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| hundred thousand (=ten ten-thousands)
|-
|-
| 100,000,000 || ''jak'' || hundred million
| 1,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| million (=hundred ten-thousands)
|-
|-
| 1,000,000,000 || ''seþ jak'' || milliard/billion (=ten hundred-millions)
| 10,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| ten million (=ten hundred ten-thousands)
|-
|-
| 10,000,000,000 || ''sam jak'' || ten milliard/billion (=hundred hundred-millions)
| 100,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| hundred million
|-
|-
| 100,000,000,000 || ''seþ sam jak'' || hundred milliard/billion (=ten hundred hundred-millions)
| 1,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| milliard/billion (=ten hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 1,000,000,000,000 || ''cep jak'' || billion/trillion (=ten thousand hundred-millions)
| 10,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| ten milliard/billion (=hundred hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 10,000,000,000,000 || ''seþ cep jak'' || ten billion/trillion (=ten ten-thousand hundred-millions)
| 100,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| hundred milliard/billion (=ten hundred hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 100,000,000,000,000 || ''sam cep jak'' || hundred billion/trillion (=hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
| 1,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| billion/trillion (=ten thousand hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 1,000,000,000,000,000 || ''seþ sam cep jak'' || billiard/quadrillion (=ten hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
| 10,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| ten billion/trillion (=ten ten-thousand hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 10,000,000,000,000,000 || ''gwil'' || ten billiard/quadrillion
| 100,000,000,000,000
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''
| hundred billion/trillion (=hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
|-
| 1,000,000,000,000,000
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''
| billiard/quadrillion (=ten hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
|-
| 10,000,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: gwil#Maltcégj|gwil]]''  
| ten billiard/quadrillion
|-
|-
|}
|}


Maltcégj numbers are base-10 (decimal), but they increase incrementally instead of in the more regular groups of three or six.  Therefore, numbers through 999 are enumerated just as they are in English, but the number 1,000 is considered “ten hundred,” or ''seþ sam''. Thereafter, 10,000 is ''cep'', 100,000 ''seþ cep'' ‘ten ten-thousands’, 1,000,000 is ''sam cep'' ‘one hundred ten-thousands’, 10,000,000 is ''seþ sam cep'' ‘ten hundred ten-thousands’, and 100,000,000 is ''jak''. The next increment after ''jak'' is ''gwil'', which has a value of ten quadrillion (or ten billiard if you’re from some parts of Europe), followed by ''ǧan'', which is a number large enough that you shouldn’t ever need it unless you’re counting individual atoms, but it’s something like one hundred nonillion (10³²).
Maltcégj numbers are base-10 (decimal), but they increase incrementally instead of in the more regular groups of three or six.  Therefore, numbers through 999 are enumerated just as they are in English, but the number 1,000 is considered “ten hundred,” or ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''. Thereafter, 10,000 is ''[[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'', 100,000 ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'' ‘ten ten-thousands’, 1,000,000 is ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'' ‘one hundred ten-thousands’, 10,000,000 is ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'' ‘ten hundred ten-thousands’, and 100,000,000 is ''[[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''. The next increment after ''[[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]'' is ''[[Contionary: gwil#Maltcégj|gwil]]'', which has a value of ten quadrillion (or ten billiard if you’re from some parts of Europe), followed by ''[[Contionary: ǧan#Maltcégj|ǧan]]'', which is a number large enough that you shouldn’t ever need it unless you’re counting individual atoms, but it’s something like one hundred nonillion (10³²).


Compound numbers are spoken as they are written in English, from left to right, (optionally) inserting indicators for tens, hundreds, thousands, &c., so “twenty-nine” is ''daiséþ nein'' ‘two tens nine’, while 3,587 is ''transéþ fremsám relkséþ dan'' ‘three tens five hundreds eight tens seven, or thirty-five hundred eighty-seven’. Easier still, and less subject to misinterpretation, the numbers can simply be read from right to left, as in ''tran frem relk dan'' ‘three five eight seven’. These are all correct, just as it’s correct in English to say “three thousand five hundred eighty-seven,” “thirty-five hundred and eighty-seven,” “thirty-five eighty-seven,” or even (somewhat less correctly) “three five eight seven.”   
Compound numbers are spoken as they are written in English, from left to right, (optionally) inserting indicators for tens, hundreds, thousands, &c., so “twenty-nine” is ''[[Contionary: daiséþ#Maltcégj|daiséþ]] [[Contionary: nein#Maltcégj|nein]]'' ‘two tens nine’, while 3,587 is ''[[Contionary: transéþ#Maltcégj|transéþ]] [[Contionary: fremsám#Maltcégj|fremsám]] [[Contionary: relkséþ#Maltcégj|relkséþ]] [[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]]'' ‘three tens five hundreds eight tens seven, or thirty-five hundred eighty-seven’. Easier still, and less subject to misinterpretation, the numbers can simply be read from left to right, as in ''[[Contionary: tran#Maltcégj|tran]] [[Contionary: frem#Maltcégj|frem]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]]'' ‘three five eight seven’. These are all correct, just as it’s correct in English to say “three thousand five hundred eighty-seven,” “thirty-five hundred and eighty-seven,” “thirty-five eighty-seven,” or even (somewhat less correctly) “three five eight seven.”   


The number “zero” should always be read as ''zo'', not ''bleg'', though the two words are interchangeable in some circumstances. When the last digit is zero, however, it should be read as “''seþ'',” or “''sam''” if two zeros… It may sound a little strange, but we do the same thing in English. For example, 780 should be read ''dan relk seþ'' ‘seven eighty’; 7,800, ''dan relk sam'' ‘seventy-eight hundred’; 78,000, ''dan relk seþ sam'', ‘seventy-eight thousand, &c.
The number “zero” should always be read as ''[[Contionary: zo#Maltcégj|zo]]'', not ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]]'', though the two words are interchangeable in some circumstances. When the last digit is zero, however, it should be read as “''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]]'',” or “''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''“ if two zeros… It may sound a little strange, but we do the same thing in English. For example, 780 should be read ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]]'' ‘seven eighty’; 7,800, ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]'' ‘seventy-eight hundred’; 78,000, ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]'', ‘seventy-eight thousand, &c.


With the exception of the number ‘one’, the particle ''gji'' indicates ordinality, much like the suffix ''-th'' for numbers 4 – 10 in English. Any number ending in ‘one’ takes the ordinal ''adám'', just as we say first and second in English rather than ''**oneth'' or ''**twoth''.
With the exception of the number ‘one’, the particle ''[[Contionary: gji#Maltcégj|gji]]'' indicates ordinality, much like the suffix ''-th'' for numbers 4 – 10 in English. Any number ending in ‘one’ takes the ordinal ''[[Contionary: adám#Maltcégj|adám]]'', just as we say first and second in English rather than ''**oneth'' or ''**twoth''.


Maltcégj uses the particle ''ak'' before a noun to indicate that it is plural, but this particle is not used when a number is present.  For example, ‘book’ is ''klag'', ‘books’ is ''aklág'', but ‘two books’ is ''klag dai'' (no ''ak''). (See [[Maltcégj#Nouns]] for more on the use of the plural.)
Maltcégj uses the particle ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' before a noun to indicate that it is plural, but this particle is not used when a number is present.  For example, ‘book’ is ''[[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]]'', ‘books’ is ''[[Contionary: aklág#Maltcégj|aklág]]'', but ‘two books’ is ''[[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] [[Contionary: dai#Maltcégj|dai]]'' (no ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]''). (See '''[[#Nouns|Nouns]]''' for more on the use of the plural.)


If using decimals in numbers, the word ''dat'' is used to mean ‘point’ or ‘dot’, though it literally means ‘seed’ or ‘egg’.
If using decimals in numbers, the word ''[[Contionary: dat#Maltcégj|dat]]'' is used to mean ‘point’ or ‘dot’, though it literally means ‘seed’ or ‘egg’.


== Articles & Determiners ==
== Articles & Determiners ==


Maltcégj has no definite article, and the indefinite article ''am'' is only used to specifically represent the number ‘one’. Its use of articles in this respect is very similar to Latin or Russian; definiteness is only expressed using the terms ''úli'' ‘this’, ''úla'' ‘that’, and ''úlot'', ‘that (other) yonder’ (or, respectively, the proximal, medial, and distal deixes). There are additional deixes which are used primarily for discussing time (see Pro-Forms).
Maltcégj has no definite article, and the indefinite article  
''[[Contionary: am#Maltcégj|am]]'' is only used to specifically represent the number ‘one’. Its use of articles in this respect is very similar to Latin or Russian; definiteness is only expressed using the terms  
''[[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]]'' ‘this’,  
''[[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]]'' ‘that’, and  
''[[Contionary: úlot#Maltcégj|úlot]]'', ‘that (other) yonder’ (or, respectively, the proximal, medial, and distal deixes). There are additional deixes which are used úlot for discussing time (see Pro-Forms).


=== Correlatives and Pro-Forms ===
=== Correlatives and Pro-Forms ===
Most of the pro-forms in Maltcégj stem from combinations of common words, such as ‘this’ + ‘time’, meaning ‘now’, or ‘that’ + ‘thing’ meaning ‘that’. However, it is important to note some historical changes to the language to fully understand how the current forms came to be as they are.
Maltcégj is a head-initial language, like modern Japanese, but the language family from which it is descended, Baraqesh, was head-final, like most modern Indo-European languages. That is to say that forms like ‘who’ (‘which person’) were originally in the order in which we use them in English today, but eventually reversed in the grammar (‘person which’). However, before this reversal occurred, many forms were contracted, particularly those with
''[[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]]'' ‘what’, so there is a duality of some seemingly unrelated forms. For example, ‘when’ (‘what’ + ‘time’) can be both
''[[Contionary: ðláimlau#Maltcégj|ðláimlau]]'' (literally ‘time-what’) and 
''[[Contionary: mlai#Maltcégj|mlai]]'', a contraction of an earlier
''*mlauðlai''.
The deixes
''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja]]'',
''[[Contionary: la#Maltcégj|la]]'', and
''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa]]'' always precede the noun they modify, even when they are used independently. (For more information on these, see Measurement of Time.)
Still other forms have no relation to the base form, but are listed here for convenience.
The most common correlatives can be found below.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 
! Interrogative
! Relative
! Negative
|-
! Base forms:
! ''[[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]]'' (‘what’)
! ''[[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘that, which’)
! ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]]'' (‘no’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]]'' (‘person’)
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlað#Maltcégj|mlað]]'' (‘who’)
| ''[[Contionary: klað#Maltcégj|klað]], [[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘who’)
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blað#Maltcégj|blað]]'' (‘no one’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]]'' (‘agent’)
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlak#Maltcégj|mlak]]'' (‘what’)
| ''[[Contionary: klak#Maltcégj|klak]], [[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘that’)
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blak#Maltcégj|blak]]'' (‘nothing’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]]'' (‘thing’)
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlax#Maltcégj|mlax]]'' (‘what’)
| ''[[Contionary: klax#Maltcégj|klax]], [[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘which’)
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blax#Maltcégj|blax]]'' (‘nothing’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]]'' (‘place’)
| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlarán#Maltcégj|mlarán]]'' (‘where’)
| ''[[Contionary: klarán#Maltcégj|klarán]]'' (‘where’)
| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: bláran#Maltcégj|bláran]]'' (‘nowhere’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' (‘time’)
| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlai#Maltcégj|mlai]]'' (‘when’)
| ''[[Contionary: klai#Maltcégj|klai]]'' (‘when’)
| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]]''<ref>While ''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]]'' may still be found in some texts, it is not generally used due to its homophonous relationship with the progressive particle (see [[Contionary: #Verbs|Verbs]]).</ref> (‘never’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]]'' (‘manner’)
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlið#Maltcégj|mlið]]'' (‘how’)
| ''[[Contionary: klið#Maltcégj|klið]]'' (‘how’)
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blið#Maltcégj|blið]]'' (‘no way’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]]'' (‘quantity’)
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlára#Maltcégj|mlára]]'' (‘how much/many’)
| ''[[Contionary: klára#Maltcégj|klára]]'' (‘how much/many’)
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blára#Maltcégj|blára]]'' (‘none’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]''<ref>The word ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]'' (‘reason’) is no longer used, but lives on in the pro-form contractions, where it is used exclusively over its nominal replacement, ''[[Contionary: frulúþ#Maltcégj|frulúþ]]''.</ref> (‘reason’)
| ''[[Contionary: mlímiem#Maltcégj|mlímiem]]'' (‘why’)
| ''[[Contionary: klímiem#Maltcégj|klímiem]]'' (‘why’)
| ''[[Contionary: blímiem#Maltcégj|blímiem]]'' (‘for no reason’)
|-
! 
! Proximal
! Medial
! Distal
|-
! Base forms:
! ''[[Contionary: jála#Maltcégj|jála]], [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]]'' (‘this’)
! ''[[Contionary: ðóra#Maltcégj|ðóra]], [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]]'' (‘that’)
! ''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa]], [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]]'' (‘yonder’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]]'' (‘person’)
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlað#Maltcégj|jlað]]'' (‘this person’)
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrað#Maltcégj|ðrað]]'' (‘that person’)
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]], [[Contionary: þlað#Maltcégj|þlað]]'' (‘the other person’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]]'' (‘agent’)
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlak#Maltcégj|jlak]]'' (‘this thing’)
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrak#Maltcégj|ðrak]]'' (‘that thing’)
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]], [[Contionary: þlak#Maltcégj|þlak]]'' (‘the other thing’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]]'' (‘thing’)
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlax#Maltcégj|jlax]]'' (‘this’)
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]]'' (‘that’)
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]], [[Contionary: þlax#Maltcégj|þlax]]'' (‘that (other)’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]]'' (‘place’)
| ''[[Contionary: jarán#Maltcégj|jarán]], [[Contionary: jlarán#Maltcégj|jlarán]]''<ref>''[[Contionary: jláran#Maltcégj|jláran]]'' is gradually becoming obsolete and has been broadly replaced by ''[[Contionary: járan#Maltcégj|járan]]''.</ref> (‘here’)
| ''[[Contionary: larán#Maltcégj|larán]], [[Contionary: ðrarán#Maltcégj|ðrarán]]'' (‘there’)
| ''[[Contionary: þarán#Maltcégj|þarán]]'' (‘up there, ahead’), '' [[Contionary: þrarán#Maltcégj|þrarán]]'' (‘elsewhere’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' (‘time’)
| ''[[Contionary: jaðlai#Maltcégj|jaðlai]], [[Contionary: jlai#Maltcégj|jlai]], [[Contionary: nak#Maltcégj|nak]]'' (‘now’)
| ''[[Contionary: laðlai#Maltcégj|laðlai]], [[Contionary: ðraðlai#Maltcégj|ðraðlai]], [[Contionary: nos#Maltcégj|nos]]'' (‘then’)
| ''[[Contionary: þaðlai#Maltcégj|þaðlai]]'' (‘in the future’), ''[[Contionary: þraðlái#Maltcégj|þraðlái]]'' (‘some other time’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]]'' (‘manner’)
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlið#Maltcégj|jlið]]'' (‘like this’)
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrið#Maltcégj|ðrið]]'' (‘like that’)
| ''[[Contionary: þkíð#Maltcégj|þkíð]]'' (‘some other way’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]]'' (‘quantity’)
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: márað#Maltcégj|márað]]'' (‘this much’)
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: márað#Maltcégj|márað]]'' (‘that much’)
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]]'' (‘that other amount’)
|-
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]<ref>The word ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]'' (‘reason’) is no longer used, but lives on in the pro-form contractions, where it is used exclusively over its nominal replacement, ''[[Contionary: frulúþ#Maltcégj|frulúþ]]''.</ref>'' (‘reason’)
|colspan=2| ''[[Contionary: ðrímiem#Maltcégj|ðrímiem]]'' (‘because’)
| ''[[Contionary: þrímiem#Maltcégj|þrímiem]]'' (‘for that reason’)
|-
|}


== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==


Maltcégj nouns are relatively straight-forward.  They do not inflect for case or number. Nouns are always the first word in a noun phrase (that is, they precede adjectives and adpositions), though genitive constructions may be constructed in ways that may seem contrary to this assertion (more on the genitive under Prepositions).
Maltcégj nouns are relatively straight-forward.  They do not inflect for case or number. Nouns are always the first word in a noun phrase (that is, they precede adjectives and adpositions), though genitive constructions may be constructed in ways that may seem contrary to this assertion (more on the genitive under [[#Adpositions|Adpositions]]).


Nouns with two syllables which may double as verbs tend to have initial stress while the verb form has final stress, but this tendency is by no means a rule.
Nouns with two syllables which may double as verbs tend to have initial stress while the verb form has final stress, but this tendency is by no means a rule.
Line 332: Line 927:
=== Indicating Plurality ===
=== Indicating Plurality ===


While there is no specific plural form of nouns, there is a plural particle, ''ak-'', which can be optionally prefixed to the noun stem to specify plurality. ''ak-'' is never used when a number is present or any other indicator that would already imply a plural.
While there is no specific plural form of nouns, there is a plural particle, ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak-]]'', which can be optionally prefixed to the noun stem to specify plurality. ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak-]]'' is never used when a number is present or any other indicator that would already imply a plural.


For example:
For example:


''téfʌðu'' 'table'<br>
''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]]'' ‘table’<br />
'''''ak'''téfʌðu'' 'tables'<br>
'''''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]]'' ‘tables’<br />
''téfʌðu jamp'' 'four tables'<br>
''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]] [[Contionary: jamp#Maltcégj|jamp]]'' ‘four tables’<br />
''téfʌðu lexét'' 'many tables'
''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]] [[Contionary: lexét#Maltcégj|lexét]]'' ‘many tables’


== Adpositions ==
== Adpositions ==


Adpositions in Maltcégj are generally suffixed to the nouns they modify. They undergo very little inflection (so it is not considered a case system per se), but there is some variation in some nouns which end in vowels.
Adpositions in Maltcégj are generally suffixed to the nouns they modify. They undergo very little inflection (so it is not considered a case system per se), but there is some variation in some nouns which end in vowels, as shown below. (Nouns can only end in the vowels 〈i〉, 〈a〉, 〈ǫ〉, 〈o〉, and 〈u〉. Nouns cannot end in 〈e〉 or 〈y〉. Nouns ending in 〈ʌ〉 take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʌ'' and ''-ʌk'', where the final 〈ʌ〉 of the noun becomes 〈l〉. Nouns ending in 〈ʀ〉 take regular consonant endings except before ''[[Contionary: -ʀ#Maltcégj|-ʀ]]'', which becomes ''-hʀ''. Most changes, however, simply involve adding an epenthetic 〈h〉 before the prefix or adding a diæresis or dot to the vowel of the adposition.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! !! !! Usage !! Example !! Eng. !! Ger. !! Lat. !! Esp. !! Notes
! C#-
! [i]#-
! [a,ǫ]#-
! [o,u]#-
! Example  
! Preposition Type
! Eng.  
! Ger.  
! Lat.  
! Esp.  
! Notes
|-
| '''''-'''''
| ''-i- ''
| ''-a-''
| ''-o- ''
| ''[[ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] [[Contionary: gnir#Maltcégj|gnir]].''<br />The book is green.’
| Nominative
| -
| (''Nom.'')
| (''Nom.'')
| -
| Subject.
|-
| '''''[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|a]]'''''
| ''-iȧ ''
| ''-aha''
| ''-oȧ ''
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]][[Contionary: kulóm#Maltcégj|kulóm]] [[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klág]]'''[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|a]]'''.''<br />‘I saw '''the book'''.’
| Accusative
| -
| (''Acc.'')
| (''Acc.'')
| -n
| Direct object.
|-
| '''''[[Contionary: -að#Maltcégj|að]]'''''
| ''-iȧð ''
| ''-ahað''
| ''-oȧð ''
| ‘to the book’
| Dative
| to
| zu (+ ''Dat.'')
| ad
| al
| Indirect object.
|-
| '''''[[Contionary: -ai#Maltcégj|ai]]'''''
| ''-iȧi ''
| ''-ahai''
| ''-oȧi ''
| ‘through (the middle of) the book’
| Perlative
| through
| durch (+ ''Acc.'')
| per
|
|
|-
| '''''[[Contionary: -aj#Maltcégj|aj]]'''''
| ''-iȧj ''
| ''-ahaj''
| ''-oȧj ''
| ‘during/throughout the book’
| Temporal Durative
| during
| während (+ ''Gen.'')
|
| dum
|
|-
| '''''[[Contionary: -ala#Maltcégj|ala]]'''''
| ''-iȧla ''
| ''-ahala''
| ''-oȧla ''
| ‘between the books’
| Intrative
| between, among
| zwischen, unter (+ ''Dat.'')
| inter
|
| Automatically implies plural.
|-
|-
| ''klag'' || '''''-''''' || 'the book' || ''ek '''klag''' gnir.'' ''''The book''' is green.' || - || - || - || - || (subject/nominative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -am#Maltcégj|alm]]'''''  
| ''-iȧlm ''  
| ''-ahalm''  
| ''-oȧlm ''  
| ‘without the book’
| Abesso-caritive
| without
| ohne (+ ''Acc.'')
| sine
| sen
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''a''''' || 'the book' || ''dydkulóm jǫg '''klága'''.'' 'I saw '''the book'''.' || - || - || - || -n || (direct object/accusative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -alx#Maltcégj|alx]]'''''  
| ''-iȧlx ''  
| ''-ahalx''  
| ''-oȧlx ''  
| ‘on (the side of) the book’
| Adessive
| on
| an (+ ''Dat.'')
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''að''''' || 'to the book' || (indirect object/dative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ap#Maltcégj|ap]]'''''  
| ''-iȧp ''  
| ''-ahap''
| ''-oȧp ''  
| ‘on (top of) the book’
| Superessive
| on
| auf (+ ''Dat.'')
|  
| sur
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ala''''' || 'between the books' || (intrative case: automatically implies exactly two books)
| '''''[[Contionary: -arak#Maltcégj|arak]]'''''
| ''-iȧrak ''  
| ''-aharak''
| ''-oȧrak''  
| ‘(leaning) against the book’
| Revertive
| against
| gegen (+ ''Acc.'')
| versus
| kontraux
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''alm''''' || 'without the book' || (abesso-caritive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -av#Maltcégj|av]]'''''  
| ''-iȧv ''  
| ''-ahav''  
| ''-oȧv ''
| ‘after the book’
| Postessive
| following
| folgend, zunächst
| post
| post
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''alx''''' || 'on (the side of) the book' ||  
| '''''[[Contionary: -eð#Maltcégj|eð]]'''''  
| ''-iëð ''  
| ''-aheð''  
| ''-oëð ''
| ‘around the book’
| Circumessive
| around
| um (+ ''Acc.'')  
| circum
| cxirkaux
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ap''''' || 'on (top of) the book' || (superessive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -eki#Maltcégj|eki]]'''''  
| ''-iëki ''  
| ''-aheki''  
| ''-oëki ''
| ‘up to/until the book’
| Allato-terminative
| until
| bis (+ ''Acc.'')  
|
|  
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''arak''''' || '(leaning) against the book' || (revertive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -eloï#Maltcégj|eloï]]'''''  
| ''-iëloï ''  
| ''-aheloï''
| ''-oëloï''  
| ‘about/concerning the book’
|  
| about
| über (+ ''Dat.'')  
|
| pri
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''av''''' || 'after the book' ||  
| '''''[[Contionary: -em#Maltcégj|em]]'''''
| ''-iëm ''
| ''-ahem''  
| ''-oëm ''  
| ‘over/above the book’
|  
| over
| über (+ ''Dat.'')
| supra
| super
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''eð''''' || 'around the book' ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ei#Maltcégj|ei]]'''''
| ''-iëi ''
| ''-ahei''  
| ''-oëi ''  
| ‘in the book’
| Inessive
| in
| in (+ ''Dat.'')
| in(tra)
| en
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''eki''''' || 'up to/until the book' || (allato-terminative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -fra#Maltcégj|fra]]'''''  
| ''-ifra ''  
| ''-afra''  
| ''-ofra ''
| ‘with books’ (as in ‘strewn’)
|  
| with
| mit (+ ''Dat.'')
|
| kun
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''eloï''''' || 'about/concerning the book' ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -i#Maltcégj|i]]'''''
| ''-ihi ''
| ''-ahi''  
| ''-oï ''  
| ‘for the book’
| Benefactive
| for
| für (+ ''Acc.'')
|
| por
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''em''''' || 'over/above the book' ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ið#Maltcégj|ið]]'''''  
| ''-ihið ''
| ''-ahið''  
| ''-oïð ''  
| ‘before/prior to the book’
| Temporal
| before
| bevor (+ ''Dat.'')
| ante
|  
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ei''''' || 'in the book' || (inessive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ij#Maltcégj|ij]]'''''
| ''-ihij ''
| ''-ahij''  
| ''-oïj ''  
| ‘after the books’
| Temporal
| after, according to
| nach (+ ''Dat.'')
| secundum
| laux
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''fra''''' || 'with books' (as in 'strewn') ||  
| '''''[[Contionary: -ili#Maltcégj|ili]]'''''
| ''-ihili ''
| ''-ahili''  
| ''-oïli''  
| ‘next to/beside/near the book’
| Apudessive
| next to
| neben (+ ''Dat.'')  
| prope
| apud
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''i''''' || 'for the book' || (benefactive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -im#Maltcégj|im]]'''''  
| ''-ihim ''  
| ''-ahim''
| ''-oïm ''  
| ‘along(side) the books’
| Vialis
| along
| (''Dat.''+) entlang
|  
|
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ið''''' || 'before/prior to the book' ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -is#Maltcégj|is]]'''''
| ''-ihis ''
| ''-ahis''  
| ''-oïs ''  
| ‘instead of the book’
| Excambiative
| instead of
| statt (+ ''Gen.'')
|
| anstataux
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ili''''' || 'next to/beside/near the book' || (apudessive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -it#Maltcégj|it]]'''''
| ''-ihit ''
| ''-ahit''  
| ''-oït ''  
| ‘behind the book’
|  
| behind
| hinter (+ ''Dat.'')
| pone, post
| malantaux
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''it''''' || 'behind the book' ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -iþ#Maltcégj|iþ]]'''''
| ''-ihiþ ''
| ''-ahiþ''  
| ''-oïþ ''  
| ‘under the book’
| Subessive
| under
| unter (+ ''Dat.'')
| subter
| sub
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''iþ''''' || 'under the book' || (subessive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -lef#Maltcégj|lef]]'''''
| ''-ilef ''
| ''-alef''  
| ''-olef ''  
| ‘like the books’
| Comparative
| like
| wie (+ ''Nom.'')
|
| kiel
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ʌk''''' || 'by means of the book' || (instrumental case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ʌ#Maltcégj|ʌ]]'''''  
| ''-il ''  
| ''-al''
| ''-ol ''  
| ‘by the book’
| Agentive
| by
| von (+ ''Dat.'')
|  
| per
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''o''''' || 'from the book' || (delative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ʌk#Maltcégj|ʌk]]'''''
| ''-ilk ''
| ''-alk''  
| ''-olk ''  
| ‘by means of the book’
| Instrumental
| with
| mit (+ ''Dat.'')
| cum
| per
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''oc''''' || 'at the time of the book' || (temporal case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -o#Maltcégj|o]]'''''  
| ''-iȯ ''  
| ''-aho''  
| ''-oho ''
| ‘from the book’
| Delative
| from
| von (+ ''Dat.'')
|
| de
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ok''''' || 'with the book' || (commitative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -oc#Maltcégj|oc]]'''''  
| ''-iȯc ''  
| ''-ahoc''
| ''-ohoc ''  
| ‘at the time of the book’
| Temporal
| at the time of
| an (+ ''Acc.'')
|  
| cxe
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ol''''' || 'except for the book' || (exclusive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ok#Maltcégj|ok]]'''''
| ''-iȯk ''
| ''-ahok''  
| ''-ohȯk ''  
| ‘with the book’
| Commitative
| with
| mit (+ ''Dat.'')
| simul
| kun
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''om''''' || 'in front of the book' ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ol#Maltcégj|ol]]'''''
| ''-iȯl ''
| ''-ahol''  
| ''-ohȯl ''  
| ‘except for the book’
| Exclusive
| except for
| außer (+ ''Dat.'')
|
|  
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''is''''' || 'instead of the book' || (excambiative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -om#Maltcégj|om]]'''''  
| ''-iȯm ''  
| ''-ahom''  
| ''-ohȯm ''
| ‘in front of the book’
|
| in front of
| vor (+ ''Dat.'')  
| prae
| antaux
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ut''''' || 'out of the book' || (elative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ǫg#Maltcégj|ǫg]]'''''
| ''-iǫ̇g ''
| ''-ahǫg''  
| ''-ohǫ̇g ''  
| ‘anti-book’
| Contrative
| against, anti
| wider (+ ''Acc.''), -feindlich
| contra
| kontraux
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''vul''''' || 'because of the book' || (causal case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ʀ#Maltcégj|ʀ]]'''''  
| ''-ihʀ ''  
| ''-ahʀ''  
| ''-ohʀ ''
| ‘pro-book’
|  
| for, pro
| pro- (+ ''Acc.''), -freundlich
| pro
|  
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''aj''''' || 'during/throughout the book' || (durative case)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ul#Maltcégj|ul]]'''''
| ''-iu̇l ''
| ''-ahul''  
| ''-ou̇l ''  
| ‘(made) of books’
| Exessive
| made from
| aus (+ ''Dat.'')
| ex
| el
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ʌ''''' || 'by the book' || (passive agentive)
| '''''[[Contionary: -ut#Maltcégj|ut]]'''''
| ''-iu̇t ''
| ''-ahut''  
| ''-ou̇t ''  
| ‘out of the book’
| Elative
| out of
| aus (+ ''Dat.'')
| ex
| el
|
|-
|-
| ''klág-'' || '''''ai''''' || 'through (the middle of) the book' ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -vul#Maltcégj|vul]]'''''  
| ''-ivul ''  
| ''-avul''  
| ''-ovul ''  
| ‘because of the book’
| Causal
| because of
| wegen (+ ''Gen.'')  
| propter
| pro
|
|-
|-
| '''''u''''' || ''-klág'' || '-’s book, the book belonging to' || (genitive case)
| '''''[[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u]]'''''  
| ''uï-''
| ''uȧ-''  
| ''uȯ- ''
| ‘-’s book, the book belonging to’
| Possessed
| ‘s, of
| (''Gen.''), von
| (''Gen.'')  
| de
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
 
== Adjectives ==
== Adjectives ==


Line 423: Line 1,430:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wíðoc || calíc
| [[Contionary: wíðoc#Maltcégj|wíðoc]]
| [[Contionary: calíc#Maltcégj|calíc]]
|-
|-
| sky || blue
| sky  
| blue
|-
|-
|colspan="2"| 'blue sky'
|colspan=2| ‘blue sky’
|}
|}


However, when an adjective is used as a copula, it may stand on its own as a predicate to ''ek'' ('to be'), or be treated as a verb in its own right.  
However, when an adjective is used as a copula, it may stand on its own as a predicate to ''ek'' (‘to be’), or be treated as a verb in its own right.  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''ek'' || ''gnída'' || ''gnir'' ||rowspan="2"| (or) || ''gnir'' || ''gnída''
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: gnída#Maltcégj|gnída]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: gnir#Maltcégj|gnir]]''  
|rowspan=2| (or)  
| ''[[Contionary: gnir#Maltcégj|gnir]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: gnída#Maltcégj|gnída]]''
|-
|-
| is|| grass || green || is-green|| grass
| is
| grass  
| green  
| is-green
| grass
|-
|-
|colspan="6"| 'The grass is green.'
|colspan=6| ‘The grass is green.’
|}
|}


Line 447: Line 1,465:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''narán'' || most, -est
| ''[[Contionary: narán#Maltcégj|narán]]''  
| most, -est
|-
|-
| ''nan'' || more, -er
| ''[[Contionary: nan#Maltcégj|nan]]''  
| more, -er
|-
|-
| ''amán'' || as…as, as much, equally
| ''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|amán]]''  
| as…as, as much, equally
|-
|-
| ''pan'' || less
| ''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]]''  
| less
|-
|-
| ''palán'' || least
| ''[[Contionary: palán#Maltcégj|palán]]''  
| least
|-
|-
|}
|}


All of these words precede the adjectives they modify, unless the adjective is used explicitly as a verb, and therefore the subject of the sentence. It is not uncommon or incorrect in this case to use ''ek'' as the verb and to treat the adjective as the object. When comparing the qualities of a specific noun, the postposition ''að'' is used as we would use “than” in English (or “as” when used with ''amán'').  
All of these words precede the adjectives they modify, unless the adjective is used explicitly as a verb, and therefore the subject of the sentence. It is not uncommon or incorrect in this case to use ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]]'' as the verb and to treat the adjective as the object. When comparing the qualities of a specific noun, the postposition ''[[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]]'' is used as we would use “than” in English (or “as” when used with ''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|amán]]'').  


When any of these are used in combination with an adjective that begins with /b/ or /p/, the final /n/ changes to /m/, e.g. ''pan''+''bjólet''=''pambjólet'' ‘worse’. If the adjective begins with /m/, /n/ is elided entirely, e.g. ''nan''+''mot''=''namót'' ‘emptier’. (See Phonology.)
When any of these are used in combination with an adjective that begins with /b/ or /p/, the final /n/ changes to /m/, e.g. ''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]]''+''[[Contionary: bjólet#Maltcégj|bjólet]]''=''[[Contionary: pambjólet#Maltcégj|pambjólet]]'' ‘worse’. If the adjective begins with /m/, /n/ is elided entirely, e.g. ''[[Contionary: nan#Maltcégj|nan]]''+''[[Contionary: mot#Maltcégj|mot]]''=''[[Contionary: namót#Maltcégj|namót]]'' ‘emptier’. (See Phonology.)


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Predicative !! Verbal !!  
! Predicative  
! Verbal  
!  
|-
|-
| ''ek pel akadínahað mes kúluï '''narandíð'''''<br> (is she PL-sister-than her-own all most-beautiful) || '''''dið''' pel '''narán''' akadínahað mes kúluï''<br> (is-beautiful she most PL-sister-than her-own all) || 'She is the most beautiful of all her sisters.'
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: pel#Maltcégj|pel]] [[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]][[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|adína]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|hað]] [[Contionary: mes#Maltcégj|mes]] [[Contionary: kúluï#Maltcégj|kúluï]] '''[[Contionary: narandíð#Maltcégj|narandíð]]'''''<br /> (is she PL-sister-than her-own all most-beautiful)  
| '''''[[Contionary: dið#Maltcégj|dið]]''' [[Contionary: pel#Maltcégj|pel]] '''[[Contionary: narán#Maltcégj|narán]]''' [[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]][[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|adína]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|hað]] [[Contionary: mes#Maltcégj|mes]] [[Contionary: kúluï#Maltcégj|kúluï]]''<br /> (is-beautiful she most PL-sister-than her-own all)  
| ‘She is the most beautiful of all her sisters.’
|-
|-
| ''ek pul janád '''nambjólet'''''<br> (is he today more-good) || '''''bjólet''' pul janád '''nan'''''<br> (is-good he today more) || 'He is better today.'
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: janád#Maltcégj|janád]] '''[[Contionary: nambjólet#Maltcégj|nambjólet]]'''''<br /> (is he today more-good)  
| '''''[[Contionary: bjólet#Maltcégj|bjólet]]''' [[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: janád#Maltcégj|janád]] '''[[Contionary: nan#Maltcégj|nan]]'''''<br /> (is-good he today more)  
| ‘He is better today.’
|-
|-
| ''ek paj wíðocað '''amancalíc'''''<br> (is it sky-as as-much-blue) || '''''calíc''' paj '''amán''' wíðocað''<br> (is-blue it as-much as-sky) || 'It’s as blue as the sky.'
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] [[Contionary: wíðoc#Maltcégj|wíðoc]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]] '''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|aman]][[Contionary: calíc#Maltcégj|calíc]]'''''<br /> (is it sky-as as-much-blue)  
| '''''[[Contionary: calíc#Maltcégj|calíc]]''' [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] '''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|amán]]''' [[Contionary: wíðoc#Maltcégj|wíðoc]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]]''<br /> (is-blue it as-much as-sky)  
| ‘It’s as blue as the sky.’
|-
|-
| ''ek paj vlágaranað '''panxac'''''<br> (is it school-than less-difficult) || '''''xac''' paj vlágaranað '''pan'''''<br> (is-difficult it school-than less) || It’s less difficult than school.
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] [[Contionary: vlág#Maltcégj|vlág]][[Contionary: aran#Maltcégj|aran]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]] '''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]][[Contionary: xac#Maltcégj|xac]]'''''<br /> (is it school-than less-difficult)  
| '''''[[Contionary: xac#Maltcégj|xac]]''' [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] [[Contionary: vlág#Maltcégj|vlág]][[Contionary: aran#Maltcégj|aran]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]] '''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]]'''''<br /> (is-difficult it school-than less)  
| It’s less difficult than school.
|-
|-
| ''ek klag '''palambokúra'''''<br> (is book least-favorite) || '''''bokúra''' klag '''palán'''''<br> (is-favorite book least) || It’s (my) least favorite book.
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] '''[[Contionary: palambokúra#Maltcégj|palambokúra]]'''''<br /> (is book least-favorite)  
| '''''[[Contionary: bokúra#Maltcégj|bokúra]]''' [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] '''[[Contionary: palán#Maltcégj|palán]]'''''<br /> (is-favorite book least)  
| It’s (my) least favorite book.
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
As Maltcégj is a “VSO” language, most sentences begin with a verb. Verbs can only be preceded by conjunctions and particles (most of which are prefixed to the verb).
There is no inflection on verbs; all tenses, moods, aspects, voices, and modalities are conveyed by particles, which operate much like they do in Mandarin Chinese. (The equivalent Mandarin particles are included in the table below for further clarity.)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particle !!  !! TAMV !! E.g.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: vrei#Maltcégj|vrei]]''
| 吧
| Imperative
| ''[[Contionary: vrei#Maltcégj|vrei]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]]!'' Go!
|-
| ''[[Contionary: men-#Maltcégj|men]]''
| 吧,請
| Jussive
| ''[[Contionary: men#Maltcégj|men]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]].'' Please go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]]''
| 嗎
| Interrogative
| ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]] [[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcok]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]?''<ref>Unlike other particles, ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]]'' does not combine with the verb; it stands on its own as an individual word.</ref> Are you going?
|-
| ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]]''
| 不,沒
| Negative
| ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You’re not going.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: lǫ#Maltcégj|lǫ]]''
| -
| Subjunctive
| ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: lǫ#Maltcégj|lǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' It is important that you go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]]''
| 了
| Past
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You went.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]]''
| 要
| Future
| ''[[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You will go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dla#Maltcégj|dla]]''
| 就,剛
| Immediacy
| ''(always combined with other particles – see below)''
|-
| ''[[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]]''
| 過
| Perfect
| ''[[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You have gone.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]]''
| 正在
| Progressive
| ''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are (in the process of) going.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: kan#Maltcégj|kan]]''
| 還
| Continuative
| ''[[Contionary: kan#Maltcégj|kan]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are still going.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: gak#Maltcégj|gak]]''
| -
| Habitual
| ''[[Contionary: gak#Maltcégj|gak]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You (often/regularly) go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: kla#Maltcégj|kla]]''
| -
| Terminative
| ''[[Contionary: kla#Maltcégj|kla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You have stopped going.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: guc#Maltcégj|guc]]''
| -
| Inceptive
| ''[[Contionary: guc#Maltcégj|guc]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You have started to go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: rak#Maltcégj|rak]]''
| 被
| Passive
| ''[[Contionary: rak#Maltcégj|rak]][[Contionary: kulóm#Maltcégj|ulóm]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are seen.
|-
|}
The particles can be used in many combinations to create new tenses, moods, and aspects, but they must always be used in the very specific order above. Some of these combinations have undergone epenthesis, creating seemingly unique particles.  Some examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particle !!  TAMV !! E.g.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: nakwarþ#Maltcégj|nakwarþ]] ([[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]] + [[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]])''
| Future Perfect
| ''[[Contionary: nakwarþ#Maltcégj|nakwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You will have gone.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: nagblai#Maltcégj|nagblai]]''
| Future progressive
| ''[[Contionary: nagblai#Maltcégj|nagblai]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You will be going.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: naglǫ#Maltcégj|naglǫ]]''
| Future subjunctive
| ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: naglǫ#Maltcégj|naglǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' It is important that you would go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dydnag#Maltcégj|dydnag]]''
| Conditional
| ''[[Contionary: dydnag#Maltcégj|dydnag]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You would go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dygwarþ#Maltcégj|dygwarþ]] ([[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]] + [[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]])''
| Pluperfect
| ''[[Contionary: dygwarþ#Maltcégj|dygwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You had gone.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dydblai#Maltcégj|dydblai]]''
| Imperfect
| ''[[Contionary: dydblai#Maltcégj|dydblai]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You were going.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dydlǫ#Maltcégj|dydlǫ]]''
| Past subjunctive
| ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: dydlǫ#Maltcégj|dydlǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' It was important that you went.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dydnakwarþ#Maltcégj|dydnakwarþ]]''
| Conditional perfect
| ''[[Contionary: dydnakwarþ#Maltcégj|dydnakwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You would have gone.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dydla#Maltcégj|dydla]] ([[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]] + [[Contionary: dla#Maltcégj|dla]])''
| Immediate past
| ''[[Contionary: dydla#Maltcégj|dydla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You just went.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: nagdla#Maltcégj|nagdla]]''
| Immediate future
| ''[[Contionary: nagdla#Maltcégj|nagdla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are about to go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dydnagdla#Maltcégj|dydnagdla]]''
| Immediate future II
| ''[[Contionary: dydnagdla#Maltcégj|dydnagdla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You were about to go.
|-
| ''[[Contionary: cleglǫ#Maltcégj|cleglǫ]]''<ref>''[[Contionary: cléglǫ#Maltcégj|cléglǫ]]'' is a contraction of ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: lǫ#Maltcégj|lǫ]]'' ‘it is important that’.</ref>
| Cohortative
| ''[[Contionary: cleglǫ#Maltcégj|cleglǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You’d better go.
|-
|}
There are more, but one step at a time. You can plug many of these together, but be certain to retain the strict order:
<center>'''[[Contionary: vrei#Maltcégj|vrei]] – [[Contionary: men#Maltcégj|men]] – [[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]] – [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]] – [[Contionary: cleg#Maltcégj|cleg]] – [[Contionary: lǫ#Maltcégj|lǫ]] – [[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]] – [[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]] – [[Contionary: dla#Maltcégj|dla]] – [[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]] – [[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]] – [[Contionary: kan#Maltcégj|kan]] – [[Contionary: gak#Maltcégj|gak]] – [[Contionary: kla#Maltcégj|kla]] – [[Contionary: guc#Maltcégj|guc]] – [[Contionary: rak#Maltcégj|rak]]'''</center>


==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Maltcégj normally immediately follow the finite verb. (The exception are adverbial phrases and temporal adverbs, which immediately follow the subject.)
In order to create adverbs from adjectives, the particle ''[[Contionary: lef#Maltcégj|lef-]]'' is prefixed (much as one would add ''–ly'' in English or ''–ment(e)'' in the Romance languages).


===Measurement of Time===
===Measurement of Time===


As discussed briefly in the section on Correlatives and Pro-Forms, time words can be modified with three particles: '''''la-''''' ('past'), '''''ja-''''' ('present'), or '''''þa-''''' ('future'). When combined with a noun that begins with a vowel, the ''a-'' of each prefix is dropped.   
As discussed briefly in the section on Correlatives and Pro-Forms, time words can be modified with three particles: '''''[[Contionary: la#Maltcégj|la-]]''''' (‘past’), '''''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja-]]''''' (‘present’), or '''''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa-]]''''' (‘future’). When combined with a noun that begins with a vowel, the ''a-'' of each prefix is dropped.   


''ja-'' is a contraction of the older (now obsolete) proximal deixis ''jála'', which is also contracted to ''jla-'' in some of the other Correlatives (see).  Similarly, ''þa-'' is a contraction of the distal deixis ''þúla'', which also contracts to ''þla-'' or ''þra-''. (The older medial deixis was ''ðóra'', which is unrelated to ''la-'', but still used as contracted ''ðra-'' in other Correlatives.)
''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja-]]'' is a contraction of the older (now obsolete) proximal deixis ''[[Contionary: jála#Maltcégj|jála]]'', which is also contracted to ''[[Contionary: jla#Maltcégj|jla-]]'' in some of the other [[Contionary: #Correlatives|Correlatives (see)]].  Similarly, ''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa-]]'' is a contraction of the distal deixis ''[[Contionary: þúla#Maltcégj|þúla]]'', which also contracts to ''[[Contionary: þla#Maltcégj|þla-]]'' or ''[[Contionary: þra#Maltcégj|þra-]]''. (The older medial deixis was ''[[Contionary: ðóra#Maltcégj|ðóra]]'', which is unrelated to ''[[Contionary: la#Maltcégj|la-]]'', but still used as contracted ''[[Contionary: ðra#Maltcégj|ðra-]]'' in other Correlatives.)


Some of the most common constructions are listed below:
Some of the most common constructions are listed below:
Line 493: Line 1,677:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''ðlai'' 'time' || '''''la'''ðlai'' 'then, back then' || '''''ja'''ðlai'' 'now' || '''''þa'''ðlai'' 'in the future'
| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' ‘time’
| ''[[Contionary: laðlai#Maltcégj|'''la'''ðlai]]'' ‘then, back then’
| ''[[Contionary: jaðlai#Maltcégj|'''ja'''ðlai]]'' ‘now’
| ''[[Contionary: þaðlai#Maltcégj|'''þa'''ðlai]]'' ‘in the future’
|-
|-
| ''nad'' 'day' || '''''la'''nad'' 'yesterday' || '''''ja'''nad'' 'today' || '''''þa'''nad'' 'tomorrow'
| ''[[Contionary: nad#Maltcégj|nad]]'' ‘day’
| ''[[Contionary: lanad#Maltcégj|'''la'''nad]]'' ‘yesterday’
| ''[[Contionary: janad#Maltcégj|'''ja'''nad]]'' ‘today’
| ''[[Contionary: þanad#Maltcégj|'''þa'''nad]]'' ‘tomorrow’
|-
|-
| ''temét'' 'morning' || '''''la'''temét'' 'yesterday morning' || '''''ja'''temét'' 'this morning' || '''''þa'''temét'' 'tomorrow morning'
| ''[[Contionary: temét#Maltcégj|temét]]'' ‘morning’
| ''[[Contionary: latemét#Maltcégj|'''la'''temét]]'' ‘yesterday morning’
| ''[[Contionary: jatemét#Maltcégj|'''ja'''temét]]'' ‘this morning’
| ''[[Contionary: þatemét#Maltcégj|'''þa'''temét]]'' ‘tomorrow morning’
|-
|-
| ''bará'' 'afternoon' || '''''la'''bará'' 'yesterday afternoon' || '''''ja'''bará'' 'this afternoon' || '''''þa'''bará'' 'tomorrow afternoon'
| ''[[Contionary: bará#Maltcégj|bará]]'' ‘afternoon’
| ''[[Contionary: labará#Maltcégj|'''la'''bará]]'' ‘yesterday afternoon’
| ''[[Contionary: jabará#Maltcégj|'''ja'''bará]]'' ‘this afternoon’
| ''[[Contionary: þabará#Maltcégj|'''þa'''bará]]'' ‘tomorrow afternoon’
|-
|-
| ''ápten'' 'evening' || '''''l'''ápten'' 'yesterday evening' || '''''j'''ápten'' 'this evening' || '''''þ'''ápten'' 'tomorrow evening'
| ''[[Contionary: ápten#Maltcégj|ápten]]'' ‘evening’
| ''[[Contionary: lápten#Maltcégj|'''l'''ápten]]'' ‘yesterday evening’
| ''[[Contionary: jápten#Maltcégj|'''j'''ápten]]'' ‘this evening’
| ''[[Contionary: þápten#Maltcégj|'''þ'''ápten]]'' ‘tomorrow evening’
|-
|-
| ''beríc'' 'night' || '''''la'''beríc'' 'last night' || '''''ja'''beríc'' 'tonight' || '''''þa'''beríc'' 'tomorrow night'
| ''[[Contionary: beríc#Maltcégj|beríc]]'' ‘night’
| ''[[Contionary: laberíc#Maltcégj|'''la'''beríc]]'' ‘last night’
| ''[[Contionary: jaberíc#Maltcégj|'''ja'''beríc]]'' ‘tonight’
| ''[[Contionary: þaberíc#Maltcégj|'''þa'''beríc]]'' ‘tomorrow night’
|-
|-
| ''danjád'' 'week' || '''''la'''danjád'' 'last week' || '''''ja'''danjád'' 'this week' || '''''þa'''danjád'' 'next week'
| ''[[Contionary: danjád#Maltcégj|danjád]]'' ‘week’
| ''[[Contionary: ladanjád#Maltcégj|'''la'''danjád]]'' ‘last week’
| ''[[Contionary: jadanjád#Maltcégj|'''ja'''danjád]]'' ‘this week’
| ''[[Contionary: þadanjád#Maltcégj|'''þa'''danjád]]'' ‘next week’
|-
|-
| ''rúma'' 'month' || '''''la'''rúma'' 'last month' || '''''ja'''rúma'' 'this month' || '''''þa'''rúma'' 'next month'
| ''[[Contionary: rúma#Maltcégj|rúma]]'' ‘month’
| ''[[Contionary: larúma#Maltcégj|'''la'''rúma]]'' ‘last month’
| ''[[Contionary: jarúma#Maltcégj|'''ja'''rúma]]'' ‘this month’
| ''[[Contionary: þarúma#Maltcégj|'''þa'''rúma]]'' ‘next month’
|-
|-
| ''avíl'' 'year' || '''''l'''avíl'' 'last year' || '''''j'''avíl'' 'this year' || '''''þ'''avíl'' 'next year'
| ''[[Contionary: avíl#Maltcégj|avíl]]'' ‘year’
| ''[[Contionary: lavíl#Maltcégj|'''l'''avíl]]'' ‘last year’
| ''[[Contionary: javíl#Maltcégj|'''j'''avíl]]'' ‘this year’
| ''[[Contionary: þavíl#Maltcégj|'''þ'''avíl]]'' ‘next year’
|-
|-
|}
|}


These prefixes can also be used in with the word ''ðlai'' (above) to form adjectives meaning 'past', 'present', and 'future', respectively, as well as ''arán'' 'place', (which has some specific connotations depending on how it's used).
These prefixes can also be used in with the word ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' (above) to form adjectives meaning ‘past’, ‘present’, and ‘future’, respectively, as well as ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]]'' ‘place’, (which has some specific connotations depending on how it’s used).


==Sentence Structure==
==Sentence Structure==


The word order in Maltcégj is very strict. Because all aspects of the language are indicated by particles, there is no need to change the word order.  Sentences are formed using a VSO structure; that is, verb – subject – object.  This is the basis of every sentence, but there can be more to a sentence than just these components.  Other components of a sentence are treated just as rigidly. Every clause will flow in the same order, even if it does not contain all of these elements:
<center>Conjunction – Verbal Particle – Primary Verb – Adverb – Secondary Verb – Subject – Direct Object – Temporal Clause – Spatial Clause – Indirect Object</center>
Some examples:
''I nicely gave the book to the man at his house this morning.''
'''I''' [subject] '''nicely''' [adverb, i.e. how the action is taking place] '''gave''' [verb, past tense] '''the book''' [direct object, i.e. what is being given] '''to the man''' [indirect object] '''at his house''' [spatial clause, i.e. where the action is taking place] '''this morning''' [temporal clause, i.e. when the action is taking place].
If you rearrange these into the prescribed word order above, you get:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan=7| ''I nicely gave the book to the man at his house this morning.''
|-
| gave
| nicely
| I
| the book
| this morning
| at his house
| to the man
|-
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]]-[[Contionary: gelk#Maltcégj|gélk]]''
| ''[[Contionary: lef#Maltcégj|lef]]-[[Contionary: breuð#Maltcégj|breuð]]''
| ''[[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]]''
| ''[[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klág]]-[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|a]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja]]-[[Contionary: temét#Maltcégj|temét]]''
| ''[[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u]]-[[Contionary: márga#Maltcégj|márga]]-h-[[Contionary: -íli#Maltcégj|íli]]''
| ''[[Contionary: þad#Maltcégj|þád]]-[[Contionary: -að#Maltcégj|að]]''
|-
| PST-give
| ADV-nice
| 1sg
| book-ACC
| PROX-morning
| he POSS-house-[ligature]-APUD
| man-DAT
|-
|colspan=7| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]][[Contionary: gelk#Maltcégj|gélk]] [[Contionary: lef#Maltcégj|lef]][[Contionary: breuð#Maltcégj|bréuð]] [[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klága]] [[Contionary: jatemét#Maltcégj|jatemét]] [[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: márga#Maltcégj|umárga]][[Contionary: -íli#Maltcégj|híli]] [[Contionary: þad#Maltcégj|þádað]]''
|}
You need never deviate from this word order. To make an indicative statement into a question (whereby in English we would reverse the subject and the verb), simply add the particle ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]]'' before the verb.
Aside from these sentence elements, there are a few other word order concerns to note:
* Adjectives always follow the nouns they modify (as in romance languages).
* Numbers also follow the nouns they modify.
* Adpositions always follow the nouns they modify (except ''[[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u-]]'').
* Phrases are “left-headed,” including numbers, possessives, genitives, adjectives, and others.
* When an adjective is used as the predicate of a sentence, it can be treated as a verb; however, you can also use the verb ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]]'' (‘to be’).
==Vocabulary==
The official corpus of the Maltcégj lexicon can be found on '''[[:Category: Maltcégj words|Contionary]]'''.<br />
The Maltcégj Lexicon can be found '''[[Maltcégj/Lexicon|here]]'''.
===Swadesh List===
''For those of you who like this sort of thing!''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
!width=150px| Maltcégj
!width=150px| English
! &nbsp;
!width=150px| Maltcégj
!width=150px| English
! &nbsp;
!width=150px| Maltcégj
!width=150px| English
|-
! 001
| '''[[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]]'''
| I
! 070
| '''[[Contionary: bláka ẏála#Maltcégj|bláka ẏála]]'''
| feather
! 139
| '''[[Contionary: kyvrén#Maltcégj|kyvrén]]'''
| to count
|-
! 002
| '''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]''', '''[[Contionary: mélmine#Maltcégj|mélmine]]'''
| you
! 071
| '''[[Contionary: krámuï#Maltcégj|krámuï]]'''
| hair (on head)
! 140
| '''[[Contionary: ðak#Maltcégj|ðak]]'''
| to say
|-
! 003
| '''[[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]]''', '''[[Contionary: pel#Maltcégj|pel]]''', '''[[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]]'''
| he, she, it
! 072
| '''[[Contionary: talp#Maltcégj|talp]]'''
| head
! 141
| '''[[Contionary: nowél#Maltcégj|nowél]]'''
| to sing
|-
! 004
| '''[[Contionary: jalk#Maltcégj|jalk]]''', '''[[Contionary: jǫ́lmin#Maltcégj|jǫ́lmin]]'''
| we
! 073
| '''[[Contionary: ǫx#Maltcégj|ǫx]]'''
| ear
! 142
| '''[[Contionary: leikáþ#Maltcégj|leikáþ]]'''
| to play
|-
! 005
| '''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]''', '''[[Contionary: mélmine#Maltcégj|mélmine]]'''
| you
! 074
| '''[[Contionary: wáfo#Maltcégj|wáfo]]'''
| eye
! 143
| '''[[Contionary: andakúru#Maltcégj|andakúru]]'''
| to float
|-
! 006
| '''[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]]'''
| they
! 075
| '''[[Contionary: yéfu#Maltcégj|yéfu]]'''
| nose
! 144
| '''[[Contionary: vlíran#Maltcégj|vlíran]]'''
| to flow
|-
! 007
| '''[[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]]'''
| this
! 076
| '''[[Contionary: ódɮo#Maltcégj|ódɮo]]'''
| mouth
! 145
| '''[[Contionary: bral#Maltcégj|bral]]'''
| to freeze
|-
! 008
| '''[[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]]'''
| that
! 077
| '''[[Contionary: ɮat#Maltcégj|ɮat]]'''
| tooth
! 146
| '''[[Contionary: páþki#Maltcégj|páþki]]'''
| to swell
|-
! 009
| '''[[Contionary: jarán#Maltcégj|jarán]]'''
| here
! 078
| '''[[Contionary: bvlað#Maltcégj|bvlað]]'''
| tongue
! 147
| '''[[Contionary: jadíȯ#Maltcégj|jadíȯ]]'''
| sun
|-
! 010
| '''[[Contionary: ðrarán#Maltcégj|ðrarán]]'''
| there
! 079
| '''[[Contionary: kraul#Maltcégj|kraul]]'''
| fingernail
! 148
| '''[[Contionary: rúma#Maltcégj|rúma]]'''
| moon
|-
! 011
| '''[[Contionary: mlað#Maltcégj|mlað]]'''
| who
! 080
| '''[[Contionary: ðeup#Maltcégj|ðeup]]'''
| foot
! 149
| '''[[Contionary: dlyn#Maltcégj|dlyn]]'''
| star
|-
! 012
| '''[[Contionary: mlak#Maltcégj|mlak]]'''
| what
! 081
| '''[[Contionary: lekc#Maltcégj|lekc]]'''
| leg
! 150
| '''[[Contionary: ðbreugj#Maltcégj|ðbreugj]]'''
| water
|-
! 013
| '''[[Contionary: mlarán#Maltcégj|mlarán]]'''
| where
! 082
| '''[[Contionary: ilǫx#Maltcégj|ilǫx]]'''
| knee
! 151
| '''[[Contionary: blǫp#Maltcégj|blǫp]]'''
| rain
|-
! 014
| '''[[Contionary: mlai#Maltcégj|mlai]]'''
| when
! 083
| '''[[Contionary: rul#Maltcégj|rul]]'''
| hand
! 152
| '''[[Contionary: vótma#Maltcégj|vótma]]'''
| river
|-
! 015
| '''[[Contionary: mlið#Maltcégj|mlið]]'''
| how
! 084
| '''[[Contionary: fwi#Maltcégj|fwi]]'''
| wing
! 153
| '''[[Contionary: strak#Maltcégj|strak]]'''
| lake
|-
! 016
| '''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]]'''
| not
! 085
| '''[[Contionary: rótclep#Maltcégj|rótclep]]'''
| belly, abdomen
! 154
| '''[[Contionary: jbram#Maltcégj|jbram]]'''
| sea
|-
! 017
| '''[[Contionary: kúluï#Maltcégj|kúluï]]'''
| all
! 086
| '''[[Contionary: aníct#Maltcégj|aníct]]'''
| guts, entrails
! 155
| '''[[Contionary: gáltam#Maltcégj|gáltam]]'''
| salt
|-
! 018
| '''[[Contionary: lexét#Maltcégj|lexét]]'''
| many
! 087
| '''[[Contionary: xǫbj#Maltcégj|xǫbj]]'''
| neck
! 156
| '''[[Contionary: éþryl#Maltcégj|éþryl]]'''
| stone
|-
! 019
| '''[[Contionary: mẏen#Maltcégj|mẏen]]'''
| some
! 088
| '''[[Contionary: gjol#Maltcégj|gjol]]'''
| back
! 157
| '''[[Contionary: cweix#Maltcégj|cweix]]'''
| sand
|-
! 020
| '''[[Contionary: puláu#Maltcégj|puláu]]'''
| few
! 089
| '''[[Contionary: frauct#Maltcégj|frauct]]'''
| breast
! 158
| '''[[Contionary: dvem#Maltcégj|dvem]]'''
| dust
|-
! 021
| '''[[Contionary: fórwið#Maltcégj|fórwið]]'''
| other
! 090
| '''[[Contionary: báxef#Maltcégj|báxef]]'''
| heart
! 159
| '''[[Contionary: mócara#Maltcégj|mócara]]'''
| earth, soil, dirt
|-
! 022
| '''[[Contionary: am#Maltcégj|am]]'''
| one
! 091
| '''[[Contionary: vákcer#Maltcégj|vákcer]]'''
| liver
! 160
| '''[[Contionary: amléun#Maltcégj|amléun]]'''
| cloud
|-
! 023
| '''[[Contionary: dai#Maltcégj|dai]]'''
| two
! 092
| '''[[Contionary: ra#Maltcégj|ra]]'''
| to drink
! 161
| '''[[Contionary: nir#Maltcégj|nir]]'''
| fog, mist
|-
! 024
| '''[[Contionary: tran#Maltcégj|tran]]'''
| three
! 093
| '''[[Contionary: go#Maltcégj|go]]'''
| to eat
! 162
| '''[[Contionary: wíðoc#Maltcégj|wíðoc]]'''
| sky
|-
! 025
| '''[[Contionary: jamp#Maltcégj|jamp]]'''
| four
! 094
| '''[[Contionary: gnac#Maltcégj|gnac]]'''
| to bite
! 163
| '''[[Contionary: batár#Maltcégj|batár]]'''
| wind
|-
! 026
| '''[[Contionary: frem#Maltcégj|frem]]'''
| five
! 095
| '''[[Contionary: ɮuk#Maltcégj|ɮuk]]'''
| to suck
! 164
| '''[[Contionary: cic#Maltcégj|cic]]'''
| snow
|-
! 027
| '''[[Contionary: bórgahok#Maltcégj|bórgahok]]'''
| big, large
! 096
| '''[[Contionary: pfatɮ#Maltcégj|pfatɮ]]'''
| to spit
! 165
| '''[[Contionary: cuf#Maltcégj|cuf]]'''
| ice
|-
! 028
| '''[[Contionary: kóhok#Maltcégj|kóhok]]'''
| long
! 097
| '''[[Contionary: bvolv#Maltcégj|bvolv]]'''
| to vomit
! 166
| '''[[Contionary: mruk#Maltcégj|mruk]]'''
| smoke
|-
! 029
| '''[[Contionary: ivdáhok#Maltcégj|ivdáhok]]'''
| wide, broad
! 098
| '''[[Contionary: hu#Maltcégj|hu]]'''
| blow
! 167
| '''[[Contionary: gapák#Maltcégj|gapák]]'''
| fire
|-
! 030
| '''[[Contionary: nóstok#Maltcégj|nóstok]]'''
| thick
! 099
| '''[[Contionary: ahá#Maltcégj|ahá]]'''
| to breathe
! 168
| '''[[Contionary: ɮið#Maltcégj|ɮið]]'''
| ash, ashes
|-
! 031
| '''[[Contionary: ʌráuk#Maltcégj|ʌráuk]]'''
| heavy
! 100
| '''[[Contionary: hahár#Maltcégj|hahár]]'''
| to laugh
! 169
| '''[[Contionary: brálʌ#Maltcégj|brálʌ]]'''
| burn
|-
! 032
| '''[[Contionary: ílu#Maltcégj|ílu]]''', '''[[Contionary: pélki#Maltcégj|pélki]]'''
| small, little
! 101
| '''[[Contionary: kulóm#Maltcégj|kulóm]]'''
| to see
! 170
| '''[[Contionary: bweið#Maltcégj|bweið]]'''
| path, road, trail
|-
! 033
| '''[[Contionary: kóhalm#Maltcégj|kóhalm]]'''
| short
! 102
| '''[[Contionary: daxó#Maltcégj|daxó]]'''
| to hear
! 171
| '''[[Contionary: mágreb#Maltcégj|mágreb]]'''
| mountain
|-
! 034
| '''[[Contionary: ivdáhalm#Maltcégj|ivdáhalm]]'''
| narrow
! 103
| '''[[Contionary: apþán#Maltcégj|apþán]]'''
| to know
! 172
| '''[[Contionary: djódei#Maltcégj|djódei]]'''
| red
|-
! 035
| '''[[Contionary: nóstalm#Maltcégj|nóstalm]]'''
| thin
! 104
| '''[[Contionary: bliv#Maltcégj|bliv]]'''
| to think
! 173
| '''[[Contionary: gnir#Maltcégj|gnir]]'''
| green
|-
! 036
| '''[[Contionary: glam#Maltcégj|glam]]'''
| woman
! 105
| '''[[Contionary: ɮeum#Maltcégj|ɮeum]]'''
| to smell
! 174
| '''[[Contionary: kféivrei#Maltcégj|kféivrei]]'''
| yellow
|-
! 037
| '''[[Contionary: þad#Maltcégj|þad]]'''
| man
! 106
| '''[[Contionary: cáxok#Maltcégj|cáxok]]'''
| to fear
! 175
| '''[[Contionary: kéiliþ#Maltcégj|kéiliþ]]'''
| white
|-
! 038
| '''[[Contionary: hanák#Maltcégj|hanák]]'''
| person
! 107
| '''[[Contionary: kaiþ#Maltcégj|kaiþ]]'''
| to sleep
! 176
| '''[[Contionary: ẏákni#Maltcégj|ẏákni]]'''
| black
|-
! 039
| '''[[Contionary: ráta#Maltcégj|ráta]]'''
| child
! 108
| '''[[Contionary: baldréf#Maltcégj|baldréf]]'''
| to live
! 177
| '''[[Contionary: beríc#Maltcégj|beríc]]'''
| night
|-
! 040
| '''[[Contionary: ẏána glam#Maltcégj|ẏána glam]]'''
| wife
! 109
| '''[[Contionary: þlax#Maltcégj|þlax]]'''
| to die
! 178
| '''[[Contionary: nad#Maltcégj|nad]]'''
| day
|-
! 041
| '''[[Contionary: ẏána þad#Maltcégj|ẏána þad]]'''
| husband
! 110
| '''[[Contionary: klógex#Maltcégj|klógex]]'''
| to kill
! 179
| '''[[Contionary: avíl#Maltcégj|avíl]]'''
| year
|-
! 042
| '''[[Contionary: krýstʌ#Maltcégj|krýstʌ]]'''
| mother
! 111
| '''[[Contionary: blokþ#Maltcégj|blokþ]]'''
| to fight
! 180
| '''[[Contionary: moin#Maltcégj|moin]]'''
| hot (weather)
|-
! 043
| '''[[Contionary: tym#Maltcégj|tym]]'''
| father
! 112
| '''[[Contionary: ranév#Maltcégj|ranév]]'''
| to hunt
! 181
| '''[[Contionary: níli#Maltcégj|níli]]'''
| cold
|-
! 044
| '''[[Contionary: báldir#Maltcégj|báldir]]'''
| animal
! 113
| '''[[Contionary: txatɮ#Maltcégj|txatɮ]]'''
| to hit
! 182
| '''[[Contionary: nalp#Maltcégj|nalp]]'''
| full
|-
! 045
| '''[[Contionary: ðbruk#Maltcégj|ðbruk]]'''
| fish
! 114
| '''[[Contionary: xóreica#Maltcégj|xóreica]]'''
| to cut
! 183
| '''[[Contionary: dweg#Maltcégj|dweg]]'''
| new
|-
! 046
| '''[[Contionary: ẏála#Maltcégj|ẏála]]'''
| bird
! 115
| '''[[Contionary: cpiþ#Maltcégj|cpiþ]]'''
| to split
! 184
| '''[[Contionary: velk#Maltcégj|velk]]'''
| old
|-
! 047
| '''[[Contionary: mrag#Maltcégj|mrag]]'''
| dog
! 116
| '''[[Contionary: styx#Maltcégj|styx]]'''
| to stab, to pierce
! 185
| '''[[Contionary: bjólet#Maltcégj|bjólet]]'''
| good
|-
! 048
| '''[[Contionary: ylk#Maltcégj|ylk]]'''
| louse
! 117
| '''[[Contionary: skis#Maltcégj|skis]]'''
| to scratch
! 186
| '''[[Contionary: xrǫx#Maltcégj|xrǫx]]'''
| bad
|-
! 049
| '''[[Contionary: cu#Maltcégj|cu]]'''
| snake
! 118
| '''[[Contionary: ðeptán#Maltcégj|ðeptán]]'''
| to dig
! 187
| '''[[Contionary: xax#Maltcégj|xax]]'''
| rotten
|-
! 050
| '''[[Contionary: covói#Maltcégj|covói]]'''
| worm
! 119
| '''[[Contionary: ðbreuck#Maltcégj|ðbreuck]]'''
| to swim
! 188
| '''[[Contionary: xʌ#Maltcégj|xʌ]]'''
| dirty
|-
! 051
| '''[[Contionary: víktro#Maltcégj|víktro]]'''
| tree
! 120
| '''[[Contionary: fwi#Maltcégj|fwi]]'''
| to fly
! 189
| '''[[Contionary: platúk#Maltcégj|platúk]]'''
| straight
|-
! 052
| '''[[Contionary: kfei#Maltcégj|kfei]]'''
| forest, woods
! 121
| '''[[Contionary: ðeup#Maltcégj|ðeup]]'''
| to walk
! 190
| '''[[Contionary: tcápa#Maltcégj|tcápa]]'''
| round
|-
! 053
| '''[[Contionary: roc#Maltcégj|roc]]'''
| stick
! 122
| '''[[Contionary: tcǫc#Maltcégj|tcǫc]]'''
| come
! 191
| '''[[Contionary: clix#Maltcégj|clix]]'''
| sharp
|-
! 054
| '''[[Contionary: ána#Maltcégj|ána]]'''
| fruit
! 123
| '''[[Contionary: plak#Maltcégj|plak]]'''
| to lie
! 192
| '''[[Contionary: me’#Maltcégj|me’]]'''
| dull (of a knife)
|-
! 055
| '''[[Contionary: dat#Maltcégj|dat]]'''
| seed
! 124
| '''[[Contionary: malá#Maltcégj|malá]]'''
| to sit
! 193
| '''[[Contionary: glai#Maltcégj|glai]]'''
| smooth
|-
! 056
| '''[[Contionary: ároc víktro#Maltcégj|ároc víktro]]'''
| leaf
! 125
| '''[[Contionary: sto#Maltcégj|sto]]'''
| to stand
! 194
| '''[[Contionary: úlak#Maltcégj|úlak]]'''
| wet
|-
! 057
| '''[[Contionary: renáþ#Maltcégj|renáþ]]'''
| root
! 126
| '''[[Contionary: þlog#Maltcégj|þlog]]'''
| to turn
! 195
| '''[[Contionary: kat#Maltcégj|kat]]'''
| dry
|-
! 058
| '''[[Contionary: ha#Maltcégj|ha]]'''
| bark (of tree)
! 127
| '''[[Contionary: padj#Maltcégj|padj]]'''
| to fall
! 196
| '''[[Contionary: drug#Maltcégj|drug]]'''
| correct, right
|-
! 059
| '''[[Contionary: máru#Maltcégj|máru]]'''
| flower
! 128
| '''[[Contionary: gelk#Maltcégj|gelk]]'''
| to give
! 197
| '''[[Contionary: min#Maltcégj|min]]'''
| near
|-
! 060
| '''[[Contionary: gnída#Maltcégj|gnída]]'''
| grass
! 129
| '''[[Contionary: rǫþ#Maltcégj|rǫþ]]'''
| to hold
! 198
| '''[[Contionary: naul#Maltcégj|naul]]'''
| far
|-
! 061
| '''[[Contionary: lwánde#Maltcégj|lwánde]]'''
| rope
! 130
| '''[[Contionary: fástnar#Maltcégj|fástnar]]'''
| to squeeze
! 199
| '''[[Contionary: ẏau#Maltcégj|ẏau]]'''
| right, right-hand
|-
! 062
| '''[[Contionary: ha#Maltcégj|ha]]'''
| skin
! 131
| '''[[Contionary: fneuc#Maltcégj|fneuc]]'''
| to rub
! 200
| '''[[Contionary: xwa#Maltcégj|xwa]]'''
| left, left-hand
|-
! 063
| '''[[Contionary: méiza#Maltcégj|méiza]]'''
| flesh, meat
! 132
| '''[[Contionary: cwuc#Maltcégj|cwuc]]'''
| to wash
! 201
| '''[[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]]''', '''[[Contionary: dialx#Maltcégj|dialx]]'''
| at
|-
! 064
| '''[[Contionary: sfarð#Maltcégj|sfarð]]'''
| blood
! 133
| '''[[Contionary: cwyc#Maltcégj|cwyc]]'''
| to wipe
! 202
| '''[[Contionary: ei#Maltcégj|ei]]'''
| in
|-
! 065
| '''[[Contionary: wʌf#Maltcégj|wʌf]]'''
| bone
! 134
| '''[[Contionary: mrudj#Maltcégj|mrudj]]'''
| to pull
! 203
| '''[[Contionary: ok#Maltcégj|ok]]'''
| with
|-
! 066
| '''[[Contionary: lat#Maltcégj|lat]]'''
| grease, fat
! 135
| '''[[Contionary: jdrom#Maltcégj|jdrom]]'''
| to push
! 204
| '''[[Contionary: ei#Maltcégj|ei]]'''
| and
|-
! 067
| '''[[Contionary: ar#Maltcégj|ar]]'''
| egg
! 136
| '''[[Contionary: ẏakt#Maltcégj|ẏakt]]'''
| to throw
! 205
| '''[[Contionary: ceil#Maltcégj|ceil]]'''
| if
|-
! 068
| '''[[Contionary: bict#Maltcégj|bict]]'''
| horn
! 137
| '''[[Contionary: doklím#Maltcégj|doklím]]'''
| to tie, bind
! 206
| '''[[Contionary: ðrímiëm#Maltcégj|ðrímiëm]]'''
| because
|-
! 069
| '''[[Contionary: bísẏa#Maltcégj|bísẏa]]'''
| tail
! 138
| '''[[Contionary: gwanós#Maltcégj|gwanós]]'''
| to sew
! 207
| '''[[Contionary: blynþ#Maltcégj|blynþ]]'''
| name
|}
==Easter Eggs==


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A_priori]]
Just some fun coincidences, borrowings, and malamanteaux that I’ve collected here:
* '''''[[Contionary: ároc víktro#Maltcégj|ároc víktro]]''''' ‘leaf’ – literally “tree feather.” The word ''[[Contionary: ároc#Maltcégj|ároc]]'' is no longer used in any other context.
* '''''[[Contionary: bévlo#Maltcégj|bévlo]]''''' ‘particle, grain, atom’ - from Bevlo Particles, cf. IV.
* '''''[[Contionary: bjályt éþryl#Maltcégj|bjályt éþryl]]''''' ‘hyrax, ''Hyracoidea'' species.’ - literally, “rock rabbit.”
* '''''[[Contionary: bláka ẏála#Maltcégj|bláka ẏála]]''''' ‘feather’ – literally “bird leaf.” The word ''[[Contionary: bláka#Maltcégj|bláka]]'' is no longer used in any other context.
* '''''[[Contionary: dat#Maltcégj|dat]]''''' ‘seed’ – from ‘dot’.
* '''''[[Contionary: edvín#Maltcégj|edvín]]''''' ‘to rage’ – from Edvin S.
* '''''[[Contionary: éþryl ulát#Maltcégj|éþryl ulát]]''''' ‘tar, petroleum, asphalt’ - literally, “rock lard.”
* '''''[[Contionary: fýcnet#Maltcégj|fýcnet]]''''' ‘cishet’ - Auto-correct, man...
* '''''[[Contionary: ik vloj#Maltcégj|ik vloj]]''''' ‘chin’ - literally, “face corner.”
* '''''[[Contionary: máru kraul#Maltcégj|máru kraul]]''''' ‘artichoke’ - literally, “fingernail flower.”
* '''''[[Contionary: méilat#Maltcégj|méilat]]''''' ‘cat, ''Felis domesticus''’ - from Melate T.
* '''''[[Contionary: núton#Maltcégj|núton]]''''' ‘target, goal, aim’ - from ''[[Contionary: núton salméilo#Maltcégj|núton salméilo]]'' ‘Isaac Newton’ - literally, “apple target.”
* '''''[[Contionary: salgebúra#Maltcégj|salgebúra]]''''' ‘shock or revulsion over something stupid and offensive’ – a malamanteau of Hebrew ''גבורה'' and S.L.G.B.R. which stands for something else stupid and offensive which I’ll keep to myself.
* '''''[[Contionary: salméilo wʌf akɮát#Maltcégj|salméilo wʌf akɮát]]''''' ‘''bon appétit''’, which is an eggcorn for ''[[Contionary: salméilo#Maltcégj|salméilo]][[Contionary: -ʌ#Maltcégj|l]] [[Contionary: fak#Maltcégj|fak]] [[Contionary: ɮat#Maltcégj|ɮat]]'', ‘may the apple be tempting to the tooth’ but has now become standardized. It literally means ‘bone apple teeth’, itself an English eggcorn for ''bon appétit''.
* '''''[[Contionary: tcápa#Maltcégj|tcápa]]''''' ‘ring, circle’ – Goa’uld ''chappa-ai''. (Originally that meaning was further extended by the postposition ''[[Contionary: -ai#Maltcégj|ai]]'', wherein ''tcápaai'' meant ‘through the ring,’ but this was later broken by a phonological rule which rendered it ''[[Contionary: tcápa#Maltcégj|tcápa]]h[[Contionary: -ai#Maltcégj|ai]]''.
* '''''[[Contionary: tcélo#Maltcégj|tcélo]]''''' ‘lavender, light purple’ - from ''cello'', which is not quite a ''viola'', like how ''violet'' also isn't.
* Most kinship terms are names for members of my direct family or words that describe them. Just a few examples are:
** '''''[[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|adína]]''''' ‘sister’ - This is the name of my sister, Adina.
** '''''[[Contionary: katír#Maltcégj|katír]]''''' ‘parternal grandparents’ - The plural form, ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]][[Contionary: katír#Maltcégj|atír]]'' is from my home town’s old High School basketball team, the Halcotteers, which later came to be used locally to refer to any old folks from that town (i.e. from the era when we still had a High School). (The High School was actually in Fleischmanns, not Halcott, but that’s another story.)
** '''''[[Contionary: ǫ́bri#Maltcégj|ǫ́bri]]''''' ‘niece’ – the name of my niece, Aubrey.
** '''''[[Contionary: zadjámindz#Maltcégj|zadjámindz]]''''' ‘great grandparents, mother’s father’s parents’ – Because my Bavarian great-grandparents, Katherine and Heinrich were “ze Germans.”
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