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Meskangela: Difference between revisions
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! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| ''* | | ''*tyek'' || ''dan'', ''acyik'' || ''tik'' || ''acyik'' || ''lăŋē'' || ''*aˀtyi'' || ''asa'' || ''áci'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| ''*nis'' || ''ni'' || ''gënis'' || ''nis'' || ''gne'' || ''aˀ(a)li'' || ''āli'' || ''ára'' | | ''*nis'' || ''ni'' || ''gënis'' || ''nis'' || ''gne'' || ''*aˀ(a)li'' || ''āli'' || ''ára'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
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! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| ''* | | ''*biryet'' || ''bëryet'', ''ryit'' || ''bërkyet'' || ''rit'' || ''mejat'' || – || ''meja'' || ''mia'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
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===Syllable structure=== | ===Syllable structure=== | ||
The typical Proto-Meskangela root syllable consisted of the following structural elements: an onset consisting of a root initial consonant '''C<sub>i</sub>''', optionally followed by a liquid '''L''' or semivowel glide '''G''' (either "j" or "w"); and a vocalic nucleus consisting minimally of a simple vowel '''V''', followed by a final consonant '''C<sub>f</sub>'''. The semivowels could also occur postvocalically, forming falling diphthongs in "-w" and "-j", thus belonging to the inventory of '''C<sub>f</sub>'''. Unlike word roots, prefixes and suffixes followed a different pattern, consisting of a single consonant followed by a vowel '''PV<sub>p</sub>''' or '''SV<sub>s</sub>''' (in case of prefixes and suffixes respectively). Only root vowels could carry vowel length (:) and tone ('''t'''), the latter being a consonantal feature at the Proto-Meskangela stage. There was no contrast between zero-initial *VC and glottal-initial *ʔVC, in such cases the second variant is reconstructed with '''C<sub>i</sub>''' being an obligatory element. of the root syllable. Two non-syllabic suffixes are reconstructible for Proto-Meskangela, *-s and *-n. When added they could have resulted in a forbidden postvocalic sequence of two consonants ( e.g. -C<sub>f</sub>s or C<sub>f</sub>n). For these specific instances the suffixes are instead reconstructed as '''ə<sub>s</sub>S''' with "ə" being a short semi-syllabic element that disappeared in Classical Meskangela and later dialects. In other cases, where a single final consonant suffix is expected, a "hollow" consonant is reconstructed (which in some cases gives rise to tone H<sub>t</sub>, or disappear without a trace H<sub>0</sub>), as in *rjaH<sub>0</sub>ən “to laugh”. In Classical Meskangela the suffix became phonetically identical the C<sub>f</sub>, becoming a part of the root ( e.g. ''gësata'' ← ''*gasaH<sub>0</sub> | The typical Proto-Meskangela root syllable consisted of the following structural elements: an onset consisting of a root initial consonant '''C<sub>i</sub>''', optionally followed by a liquid '''L''' or semivowel glide '''G''' (either "j" or "w"); and a vocalic nucleus consisting minimally of a simple vowel '''V''', followed by a final consonant '''C<sub>f</sub>'''. The semivowels could also occur postvocalically, forming falling diphthongs in "-w" and "-j", thus belonging to the inventory of '''C<sub>f</sub>'''. Unlike word roots, prefixes and suffixes followed a different pattern, consisting of a single consonant followed by a vowel '''PV<sub>p</sub>''' or '''SV<sub>s</sub>''' (in case of prefixes and suffixes respectively). Only root vowels could carry vowel length (:) and tone ('''t'''), the latter being a consonantal feature at the Proto-Meskangela stage. There was no contrast between zero-initial *VC and glottal-initial *ʔVC, in such cases the second variant is reconstructed with '''C<sub>i</sub>''' being an obligatory element. of the root syllable. Two non-syllabic suffixes are reconstructible for Proto-Meskangela, *-s and *-n. When added they could have resulted in a forbidden postvocalic sequence of two consonants ( e.g. -C<sub>f</sub>s or C<sub>f</sub>n). For these specific instances the suffixes are instead reconstructed as '''ə<sub>s</sub>S''' with "ə" being a short semi-syllabic element that disappeared in Classical Meskangela and later dialects. In other cases, where a single final consonant suffix is expected, a "hollow" consonant is reconstructed (which in some cases gives rise to tone H<sub>t</sub>, or disappear without a trace H<sub>0</sub>), as in *rjaH<sub>0</sub>ən “to laugh”. In Classical Meskangela the suffix became phonetically identical the C<sub>f</sub>, becoming a part of the root ( e.g. ''gësata'' ← ''*gasaH<sub>0</sub>-tV-ʔa'' “he/she kills”. Thus a potential fully inflected word consists of the following elements: | ||
: {| | : {| | ||
|PV<sub>p</sub>—C<sub>i</sub>—L—G—V(:)—C<sub>f</sub>/H<sub>0/t</sub>—SV<sub>s</sub>—(ə<sub>s</sub>S) | |PV<sub>p</sub>—C<sub>i</sub>—L—G—V(:)—C<sub>f</sub>/H<sub>0/t</sub>—SV<sub>s</sub>—(ə<sub>s</sub>S) | ||
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[[w:Evidentiality|Evidentiality]] in Classical Meskangela is an optional category that indicates evidence for a statement. This category is indicated with evidential particles, or copulas. The unmarked verb is assertive – representing a simple fact or general truth. The corresponding copula is ''ré'', the negative copula is ''mīn/mīd'', likely from ''*ma-rijan'' “being absent”. | [[w:Evidentiality|Evidentiality]] in Classical Meskangela is an optional category that indicates evidence for a statement. This category is indicated with evidential particles, or copulas. The unmarked verb is assertive – representing a simple fact or general truth. The corresponding copula is ''ré'', the negative copula is ''mīn/mīd'', likely from ''*ma-rijan'' “being absent”. | ||
A similar copula ''uré'' and its negative counterpart ''mórid'' are basic locative copulas that mark possession ('' | A similar copula ''uré'' and its negative counterpart ''mórid'' are basic locative copulas that mark possession (''marwaŋ uréŋ'' “I have a cat”) or location (''tau uréŋi'' “we are here”). | ||
The postverbal particle ''lak'' is testimonial, it represents witnessed, first-hand experience. It also acts a locative copula with the meaning “there is”. Its negative form ''milak'' has only a locative meaning. | The postverbal particle ''lak'' is testimonial, it represents witnessed, first-hand experience. It also acts a locative copula with the meaning “there is”. Its negative form ''milak'' has only a locative meaning. | ||
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| <small>2→3.PT<br />''-nta''</small> | | <small>2→3.PT<br />''-nta''</small> | ||
| rowspan="3" | <small> | | rowspan="3" | <small>3du;2du.Pat<br />''-es''</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <small>1→2.NPT<br />''-nya''</small> | | <small>1→2.NPT<br />''-nya''</small> | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Meskangela]] | |||