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| Upper Minhast, which consists of several dialects in the northern highlands, encompasses the Northern Coast, Northeastern Mountain Coastal Range (''Gaššarat'', lit. "basalt"), the Kilmay Rī Mountain Range, the Central Plateau ''(Kammak min Nukya)'', and the the Great Plains (''Hamhāmarū'' , lit. "The Great Clearing of the Grasses"). Lower Minhast traditionally has been the branch containing the dialects south of the tribal territories (''karak'') of the Dog, Salmon and Horse Speakers. The ''uyyi min kirim'', lit. "The (way) of saying the (sequence) ''-uyyi''" is the primary test in determining which branch a given dialect should be grouped under, although other tests may be employed as well, such as the frequency of loanwords from the unrelated minority languages Peshpeg and Golahat, and a recently discovered, extinct non-Minhastic language called Corradi; the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch have virtually no loanwords from these languages, whereas the dialects of Lower Minhast branch have such loans in varying degrees. The Palatization Test is also used to classify dialects: the dialects from the Lower Minhast branch palatize /t/ and /d/ to [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ] when followed by /j/, /ia͡/ or /ie͡/, a feature lacking in the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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| |+ '''Traditional Classification of the Twelve Historical Dialects'''
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| ! Branch
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| ! Dialect
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| ! scope='col' style="width: 325px;" | Region/Prefecture/District
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| ! Distinguishing Features
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| ! rowspan="8" | Upper Minhast
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| ! Horse Speaker
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| | Umbarak, Hayreb, Nanampuyyi, Wattare, Saxtam, Gannasia Prefectures; <br/>
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| Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
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| | Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';
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| Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';
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| Merger of /rx/ to /ɣ/;
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| V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/
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| Preserves /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects
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| Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bat'', ''-mbat'', ''-umbat'') are retained
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| ! Salmon Speaker
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| | Hittaħm, Iskamharat, Tuhattam, Perim-Sin, Ruyāya Prefectures; <br/>
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| Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 60%)
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
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| Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bat'' and allomorphs ''-mbat'', ''-umbat''
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| ! Wolf Speaker
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| | Ešked,Attum Attar, Tayyagur, Rakwar, Tabuk Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
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| Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bat'' and allomorphs ''-mbat'', ''-umbat''
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| ! Dog Speaker
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| | Hisašarum, Way, Išpa, Warat, Tabbakun, Neweyya, Uħpar, Nikwat, Salabūr, Tawāheb Prefectures;<br/>
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| Bussum Demilitarized District
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
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| ! Bear Speaker
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| | Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
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| ! Fox Speaker
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| | Kardam, Eħħar Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
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| ! Elk Speaker
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| | Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
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| ! Seal Speaker
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| | Pinda, Rukpu Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi''
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| ! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
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| ! Gull Speaker
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| | Kissamut, Tur'akkam, Senzil, Rēgum Prefectures; <br/>
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| Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Urgabal, Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies)
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ia'';
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| Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog and Salmon Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;
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| Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-rb-''/''-rēb-'';
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| Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';
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| ''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final /sr̥/ mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel;
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| Nominalizer ''-ru'' for deriving locative nouns from verb stems developed (or was adopted from a substrate language) - this suffix is found in no other dialect;
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| Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects' ''-bat'', ''-mbat'', ''-umbat''
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| Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo
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| ! Osprey Speaker
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| | Uyyuš, Arinak, Naggiriyan, Nāz, Dayyat, Urria Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia'';
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| Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
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| Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
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| Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
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| ! Egret Speaker
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| | Nentie, Isku Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';
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| Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
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| Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive
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| ! Stone Speaker
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| | Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures
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| | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''
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| Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;
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| Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause
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| only under very strict constraints;
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| Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';
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| Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position;
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| Merger of /a:wa/ to /o/;
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| Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/;
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| Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and Corradi (approx. 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
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| === Criticisms === | | === Criticisms === |