Minhast/Dialectology: Difference between revisions

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== Officially Recognized Dialects ==
== Officially Recognized Dialects ==


==== Intelligibility ====
=== Intelligibility ===


Mutual intelligibility between dialectal groups is affected by several factors.  As a whole, the Upper Minhast group is more grammatically conservative compared to the Lower Minhast group, but even within each group there may be great differences in the lexicon arising oftentimes from differences in environment and lifestyle that may affect intelligibility.  For example, the extremely conservative Salmon Speaker dialect has nevertheless developed a specialized vocabulary for terminology reflective of their riverine and coastal environment, while the Horse Speakers lack such terminology for the simple reason that their homeland is landlocked.  Moreover, dialectal mixing is the norm, not the exception.  The Gull Speakers, although grouped as a Lower Minhast dialect, can communicate with the Dog Speakers, who belong to the Upper Minhast branch, with little difficulty.  This is because both Speakers share a common border and have long had extensive trade contacts with each other which have leveled lexical differences.  The Osprey Speakers find the Stone Speakers almost totally unintelligible even though both are grouped under the Lower Minhast branch; in fact Osprey Speakers report they can converse much more easily with the Wolf Speakers, an Upper Minhast dialect, despite the Wolf Speaker dialect's conservative features and affiliation with the Upper Minhast branch.  The Osprey Speakers territories border Salmon Speaker Country; they too have had extensive trade relations with the Salmon Speakers and as a consequence both groups can understand each other despite belonging to two different branches.  Bilingualism is common, and diglossia from usage of the prestige language, Classical Minhast, also complicates the linguistic landscape.
Mutual intelligibility between dialectal groups is affected by several factors.  As a whole, the Upper Minhast group is more grammatically conservative compared to the Lower Minhast group, but even within each group there may be great differences in the lexicon arising oftentimes from differences in environment and lifestyle that may affect intelligibility.  For example, the extremely conservative Salmon Speaker dialect has nevertheless developed a specialized vocabulary for terminology reflective of their riverine and coastal environment, while the Horse Speakers lack such terminology for the simple reason that their homeland is landlocked.  Moreover, dialectal mixing is the norm, not the exception.  The Gull Speakers, although grouped as a Lower Minhast dialect, can communicate with the Dog Speakers, who belong to the Upper Minhast branch, with little difficulty.  This is because both Speakers share a common border and have long had extensive trade contacts with each other which have leveled lexical differences.  The Osprey Speakers find the Stone Speakers almost totally unintelligible even though both are grouped under the Lower Minhast branch; in fact Osprey Speakers report they can converse much more easily with the Wolf Speakers, an Upper Minhast dialect, despite the Wolf Speaker dialect's conservative features and affiliation with the Upper Minhast branch.  The Osprey Speakers territories border Salmon Speaker Country; they too have had extensive trade relations with the Salmon Speakers and as a consequence both groups can understand each other despite belonging to two different branches.  Bilingualism is common, and diglossia from usage of the prestige language, Classical Minhast, also complicates the linguistic landscape.
Upper Minhast, which consists of several dialects in the northern highlands, encompasses the Northern Coast, Northeastern Mountain Coastal Range (''Gaššarat'', lit. "basalt"), the Kilmay Rī Mountain Range, the Central Plateau ''(Kammak min Nukya)'', and the the Great Plains (''Hamhāmarū'' , lit. "The Great Clearing of the Grasses").  Lower Minhast traditionally has been the branch containing the dialects south of the tribal territories (''karak'') of the Dog, Salmon and Horse Speakers.  The ''uyyi min kirim'', lit. "The (way) of saying the (sequence) ''-uyyi''" is the primary test in determining which branch a given dialect should be grouped under, although other tests may be employed as well, such as the frequency of loanwords from the unrelated minority languages Peshpeg and Golahat, and a recently discovered, extinct non-Minhastic language called Corradi; the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch have virtually no loanwords from these languages, whereas the dialects of Lower Minhast branch have such loans in varying degrees.  The Palatization Test is also used to classify dialects: the dialects from the Lower Minhast branch palatize /t/ and /d/ to [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ] when followed by /j/, /ia͡/ or /ie͡/, a feature lacking in the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch.
=== "The Twelve Speakers" ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Traditional Classification of the Twelve Historical Dialects'''
|-
! Branch
! Dialect
! scope='col' style="width: 325px;" | Region/Prefecture/District
! Distinguishing Features
|-
! rowspan="8" | Upper Minhast
! Horse Speaker
| Umbarak, Hayreb, Nanampuyyi, Wattare, Saxtam, Gannasia Prefectures; <br/>
Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
| Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';
Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';
Merger of /rx/ to  /ɣ/;
V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/
Preserves /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects
Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects'  ''-bat'', ''-mbat'', ''-umbat'') are retained
|-
! Salmon Speaker
| Hittaħm, Iskamharat, Tuhattam, Perim-Sin,  Ruyāya Prefectures; <br/>
Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 60%)
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bat'' and allomorphs ''-mbat'', ''-umbat''
|-
! Wolf Speaker
| Ešked,Attum Attar, Tayyagur, Rakwar, Tabuk Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bat'' and allomorphs ''-mbat'', ''-umbat''
|-
! Dog Speaker
| Hisašarum, Way, Išpa, Warat, Tabbakun, Neweyya, Uħpar, Nikwat, Salabūr, Tawāheb Prefectures;<br/>
Bussum Demilitarized District
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
|-
! Bear Speaker
| Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
|-
! Fox Speaker
| Kardam, Eħħar  Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
|-
! Elk Speaker
| Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
|-
! Seal Speaker
| Pinda, Rukpu  Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
! Gull Speaker
| Kissamut, Tur'akkam, Senzil, Rēgum Prefectures; <br/>
Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Urgabal, Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies)
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ia'';
Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog and Salmon Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;
Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-rb-''/''-rēb-'';
Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';
''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel;
Nominalizer ''-ru'' for deriving locative nouns from verb stems developed (or was adopted from a substrate language) - this suffix is found in no other dialect;
Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'',  ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects'  ''-bat'', ''-mbat'', ''-umbat''
Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo
|-
! Osprey Speaker
| Uyyuš, Arinak, Naggiriyan, Nāz, Dayyat, Urria Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia'';
Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
|-
! Egret Speaker
| Nentie, Isku Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';
Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive
|-
! Stone Speaker
| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''
Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;
Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause
only under very strict constraints;
Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';
Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position;
Merger of /a:wa/ to /o/;
Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/;
Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and Corradi (approx. 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
|}


== Classificatory Models ==
== Classificatory Models ==
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