Modern Phrygian: Difference between revisions

|nativename = τα βρουζ̌ικιά ξ̌ώσσα <br /> ta vružigyá kšósa <br /> تَڤْرُوژِگْيَا كْشوسَا

|pronunciation = ta vɾuʒiˈɟ̊a ˈkʃosa

**Initially: nasal becomes fricative (/n/ > /ʃ, ʒ/; /m/ > /f, v/)

| '''Ε ε''' || έμανου || [ˈemanu]

| '''Ο ο''' || όμανου || [ˈomanu]

| ιμάτ'''ι'''ο [iˈmat'''ç'''o] "cloak"

| ί'''κ'''δις [ˈi'''ɡ'''ðis] "mortar"

| '''ξ̌'''έκκια [ˈ'''kʃ'''eca] "larger mosque where Friday prayer is established (جامع)"

| ε'''π'''δαμάς [e'''b'''ðaˈmas] "week"

| '''τζ'''αν'''τζ'''άρα ['''dz'''anˈ'''dz'''ara] "mosquito"

| μ'''υί'''ασις [ˈm'''i'''asis] "myiasis"

| Very rare.

Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.

 

-->

|--->

*Voiced and partially voiced stops/affricates are allophones of the same phoneme in the standard language, with the fully voiced forms occurring after nasals and the partially voiced forms occurring otherwise. However, they have been distinguished here because some dialects keep them as separate phonemes.-->

| '''a'''krós ['''a'''ˈɡ̊ros] "field"

When a syllable with a diphthong is stressed, the accent is written on the nucleus of the diphthong (i.e. the first vowel letter).

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{|class="wikitable"

|+ First and second person pronouns

! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2" | Nominative !! colspan="2"| Genitive !! colspan="2"| Oblique !! rowspan="2" | Possessive

! Full !! Clitic !! Full !! Clitic !! Full !! Clitic

! 1S

| εγιού || γιου || εμεύ || μευ ||εμέ || με || μευός, -ά, -ό

! 2S

| ετού || του || ετεύ || τευ ||ετέ || τε || τευός, -ά, -ό

! 1P

| ενές || νες || ενιούν || νω ||ενές || νω || νωμός, -ά, -ό

! 3P

| εβές || βες || εβιούν || βω ||εβές || βω || βωμός, -ά, -ό

===Adjectives===

===Verbs===

===Adverbs===

===Particles===

<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->

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<!--

<!--{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Essanian definite article

|-

! !! Masculine || Feminine || Neuter

! Singular

| ''el'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels), <i>'l</i> (after vowels) || ''la'', <i>l'</i> (before ''a'') || ''lo'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels)

-->

<!--

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Essanian definite article

! !! Singular || Plural

! Masculine

| ''el'', <i>l'</i> (before vowels), <i>'l</i> (after vowels) || ''los''

! Feminine

| ''la'', <i>l'</i> (before ''a'') || ''les''

'''Notes:'''

#The definite article precedes the noun it modifies. -->

<!--

#When used without an accompanying noun, the singular articles does not contract with a following vowel. The singular masculine, however, contracts with a preceding vowel regardless of whether there is a noun accompanying it or not.-->

<!--#The neuter definite article is generally used with nominalized neuter adjectives or relative clauses that have an abstract/inanimate referent - e.g. ''lo bueno'' "the good/that which is good"; ''lo que pienso'' "what I think/that which I think".-->

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! !! Singular || Plural

! Masculine

| ''un'' || ''unos''

! Feminine

| ''una'' || ''unes''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Essanian personal pronouns

! rowspan="2" colspan="4" | Person, Number, Formality, Gender !! colspan="4" | Independent || colspan="4" | Clitic

! Subject !! Object !! Reflexive Object!! Possessive !! Direct object !! Indirect object !! Reflexive !! Possessive

! rowspan="3" | 1^st !! colspan="3" | Singular

| ''yo'' || colspan="2"| ''mi'' || ''miyu/miyos, miya/miyes, miyo'' || colspan="3" | <i>me, m'</i>^{<small>1</small>} || ''mo(n)^{<small>2</small>}/mos, ma(n)^{<small>2</small>}/mes, mo(n)^{<small>2</small>}''

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine

| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''nues/nuesos, nuesa/nueses, nueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''nos'' || rowspan="2" | –

! Feminine

| colspan="3" | ''nós; nosotres''

! rowspan="7" | 2^nd !! rowspan="3" | Singular || colspan="2" | Informal

| ''tu'' ||colspan="2"| ''ti'' || ''tuw/tuwos, tuwa/tuwes, tuwo'' || colspan="3" | <i>te, t'</i>^{<small>1</small>} || ''to(n)^{<small>2</small>}/tos, ta(n)^{<small>2</small>}/tes, to(n)^{<small>2</small>}''

! rowspan="2"| Formal !! Masculine

| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucé'' || rowspan="2"| ''sí'' || rowspan="2"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i>^{<small>1</small>}, ''-l''^{<small>3</small>} || rowspan="2"| ''lhi'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i>^{<small>1</small>} || rowspan="2"| ''so(n)^{<small>2</small>}/sos, sa(n)^{<small>2</small>}/ses, so(n)^{<small>2</small>}''

|-

| <i>la, l'</i>^{<small>4</small>}

| colspan="3" | ''vós; vosotros'' || rowspan="2" | ''vues/vuesos, vuesa/vueses, vueso'' || rowspan="2" colspan="3"| ''vos'' || rowspan="2" | –

|-

! rowspan="2" | Formal !! Masculine

| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| ''vucés'' || rowspan="8"| ''sí'' ||rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i>^{<small>1</small>}, ''-sen''^{<small>5</small>} || rowspan="2"| –

! rowspan="5" | 3^rd !! rowspan="3" colspan="2" | Singular !! Masculine

| colspan="2"| ''elh'' || rowspan="3"| ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lu, l'</i>^{<small>1</small>}, ''-l''^{<small>3</small>} || rowspan="3"| <i>lhi, lh'</i>^{<small>1</small>} || rowspan="3"| <i>se, s'</i>^{<small>1</small>}|| rowspan="3"| ''so(n)^{<small>2</small>}/sos, sa(n)^{<small>2</small>}/ses, so(n)^{<small>2</small>}''

| colspan="2"| ''elha'' || <i>la, l'</i>^{<small>4</small>}

| colspan="2"| ''elho'' || <i>lo, l'</i>^{<small>1</small>}

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Plural !! Masculine

| colspan="2"| ''elhos'' || rowspan="2"| ''lor/loros, lora/lores, loro'' || ''los'' || rowspan="2"| ''lhis'' || rowspan="2"| <i>se, s'</i>^{<small>1</small>}, ''-sen''^{<small>5</small>} || rowspan="2"| –

| colspan="2" | ''wemo'' || ''suw/suwos, suwa/suwes, suwo'' || <i>lo, l'</i>^{<small>1</small>} || <i>lhi, lh'</i>^{<small>1</small>} || <i>se, s'</i>^{<small>1</small>} || ''so(n)^{<small>2</small>}/sos, sa(n)^{<small>2</small>}/ses, so(n)^{<small>2</small>}''

'''Notes:'''

^{<small>1</small>} Preverbal before vowel.

^{<small>2</small>} -''n'' is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel. Also note that in more archaic forms of Essanian, a glide may be added after the initial consonant of the clitic possessives in both the singular and plural. This glide is ''-i-'' in the first person and ''-u-'' in the second and third persons.

^{<small>3</small>} Post-verbal after vowel.

 

 

 

 

====Adverbial object pronouns====

*''y'', <i>b'</i> (pre-verbal before vowels), ''-y'' (post-verbal) = equivalent to French ''y''

*''en'', <i>n'</i> (pre-verbal before vowels), ''-ne'' (post-verbal) = equivalent to French ''en''

When both adverbial object pronouns are used at once, they combine as <i>en b'</i> preverbally before vowels and ''n'y'' otherwise.

===Nouns===

 

====Number====

=====Regular plurals=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Plural of nouns based on ending and gender

! width=100| Ending !! width=100| Gender !! width=100 | Plural !!width=100 | Dual !! Remarks

! rowspan="2"| Consonant

| ''-os'' || ''-én'' || An exception are nouns ending in ''-nt'' that do not refer to people. Such nouns are masculine in gender but take ''-es'' in the plural.

! F; some M

| ''-es'' || ''-én'' || In addition to feminine nouns, masculine inanimate nouns ending in ''-nt'' take ''-es'' in the plural.

! M/F

| ''-es'' || ''-atén'' || Most words ending in ''-a'' are feminine.

|-

! ''-u''; ''-o''

! M/F

| ''-os'' || ''-én'' || Most words ending in ''-u'' are masculine. Nouns ending in unstressed ''-o'' are rare.

|-

! ''-e''; ''-i''

! M/F

| ''-es'' || ''-én'' || Nouns ending in unstressed ''-i'' are rare.

| ''-s'' || ''-tén'' || These endings are added after the final vowel, which is left unchanged.

|}

 

Some words, mostly of Arabic origin, take a plural in ''-ín'' (masculine) or ''-(w)at'' (feminine). There are also some broken plurals.

 

* ''múmina'' "believer (f.)" → ''muminat'' "believers (f.)"

 

! rowspan="2" | Type !! colspan="3" width=100 | Singular !! colspan="2" width=100 | Plural

| ''-u'' or consonant || ''-a'' || ''-o'' || ''-os'' || ''-es''

| ''-e'' || ''-e'' || ''-e'' || ''-es'' || ''-es''

| Stressed vowel || Same as masc. || Same as masc. || ''-s'' || ''-s''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Phrygian numerals

|-

! !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Adverbial !! Collective

| τρίτεκαν ||  || ||

| τσ̌ετέρτεκαν ||  || ||

| πίντεκαν || πιντέκανος || ||

| βέκθεκαν ||  || ||

| επθάνεκαν ||  || ||

| οκθώνεκαν|| || ||

| ενιάνεκαν|| || ||

| βίκιανι || βικιοττός || ||

| ένας τσ̌ε βίκιανι ||  || ||

| τριάνα || τριαττός || ||

| τσ̌ετράνα ||  || ||

| πιγκιάνα ||  || ||

| βεξάνα ||  || ||

| εμμάνα || || ||

| οκθώνα || || ||

| ενευνάνα || || ||

| εκανόυν || || ||

| τφακιάνιοι || || ||

| τριακιάνιοι || || ||

| τσ̌ετρακιάνιοι || || ||

| πιγκιακιάνιοι || || ||

| βεξακιάνιοι || || ||

| εμμακιάνιοι || || ||

| οκθωκιάνιοι || || ||

| ενευνακιάνιοι || || ||

| ζέλλια || || ||

| τφω ζέλλιαι || || ||