Nṛtrāṇya: Difference between revisions

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| sena
| sena
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=====Demonstrative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="7" align="center"| Ta- "that"
|-
|
!colspan="3"| singular
!colspan="3"| dual & plural
|-
|
| Fem
| Mas
| Neu
| Fem
| Mas
| Neu
|-
|nominative
| sā
| sa
| rowspan="2"| tat
| rowspan="2"| tāḥ
| te
| rowspan="2"| tā
|-
|accusative
| tām
| tam
| tān
|-
|dative
| tasai
| colspan="2"| tasmā
| tāmiḥ
| colspan="2"| temiḥ
|-
|genitive
| tasāḥ
| colspan="2"| tasa
| tāsām
| colspan="2"| teṣām
|}
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<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->



Revision as of 02:00, 25 July 2014


Background

Nṛtrāṇya is a language that I started seriously working on late last year, though as a concept it dates back maybe fifteen or twenty years (at one time it was formulated under the name Toticcha), and started with the mental question: what would the names of the Æsir be if they had been, in fact, Proto-Indo-European deities who were still worshipped today in India? The concept is simple: to phonologically redesign reconstructed Proto-Germanic as if it were Sanskrit. The motivations are several: first, while the reconstruction of Proto-Germanic (and even more so Proto-Indo-European) is beset by uncertainties, the phonology of Sanskrit is very well known, and is of such a nature as to iron out many dubious points; second, by making a Germanic language that is more Sanskrit-like, it makes structural comparison between Germanic languages and Sanskrit straightforward, avoiding phonological issues; third, it's a somewhat satirical take on the efforts of certain 19th-century popularizers of linguistics to posit Sanskrit as the Ursprache of the Indo-Europeans — or, as the German scholars oddly called them, Indogermanen.

Within its imaginary world, "Artā" (sc. Earth), Nṛtrāṇya (northern (speech)) is an extinct language spoken around 2500-2700 years before the present by the Nṛtramanvānaḥ (north-people), the inhabitants of Nṛtravahaḥ, a large complex of islands situated just below the Arctic circle. It was closely related to languages of the mainland just to the south, and due to the influence of a religious movement originating there, became a liturgical language and language of lore for many people speaking other languages, related and unrelated. The language as described here, however, is of the 'pagan' period immediately before the rise of that movement, when the language was still very unified and spoken almost exclusively in the Nṛtravahaḥ.

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Phonology

The phonological inventory of Nṛtrāṇya is basically identical to that of Sanskrit, as is its phonological history; the major exception is that the consonants /l/ and /r/ were not confused at any point in the development of the language.

Consonants

Bilabial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Plosive p pʰ b bʱ t tʰ d dʱ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ k kʰ ɡ ɡʱ
Fricative s ʂ ɕ h ɦ
Affricate ʨ ʨʰ ʥ ʥʱ
Approximant ʋ ɻ j
Lateral fric. l

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid
Open ɐ ɑː

Phonotactics

Orthography

Nṛtrāṇya was originally written in an alphabet carved into stone and wood; paper and parchment were not known until very late. It is transcribed in a conventional orthography based on that used for Sanskrit and other Indic languages. The Nṛtrāṇya "runes" were usually written from left to right, but occasionally boustrophedon (with reversals in direction with each line), in which case the asymmetrical characters would have been reversed when writing right-to-left.

Nrtranyarunes.png


Grammar

Morphology

Nṛtrāṇya is a complex, inflected language, somewhat less so than Sanskrit but more than most living Germanic languages. Pronouns, adjectives, nouns and verbs use a system of suffixes to show their relationships to other words in the sentence.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
First person
singular dual plural
nominative aja vat vayaḥ
accusative maja āvaḥ aḥ / asaḥ
dative māḥ
genitive mena āvara asara
Second person
singular dual plural
nominative yut yūḥ
accusative tvaja yūvaḥ yuṣvaḥ
dative tvāḥ
genitive tvena yūvara yuṣvara
Third person
singular dual & plural reflexive
Fem Mas Neu Fem Mas Neu Com
nominative iḥ it iyāḥ ayaḥ iyā
accusative iyām im īn saja
dative asai asmā āmiḥ emiḥ sāḥ
genitive asāḥ asa āsām eṣām sena
Demonstrative pronouns
Ta- "that"
singular dual & plural
Fem Mas Neu Fem Mas Neu
nominative sa tat tāḥ te
accusative tām tam tān
dative tasai tasmā tāmiḥ temiḥ
genitive tasāḥ tasa tāsām teṣām


Syntax