Naeng: Difference between revisions

[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Tbeach fi mi-brits Dămea]]<br/>

|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]

'''Naeng''' (''fi brits Dămea'' /vɪ brits dəmɛ/ or ''fi brits Neng'' /... naeŋ/; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Dymee'' or ''a łynǿñ Neng'') is a [[Lakovic]] language belonging to the Naengic branch. It is also known as '''Ashanian''' (e.g. ''ne Qaśenin'' in [[Netagin]], specifically for Classical Naeng, ''Xānimiz'' /ʃaːnimis/ in [[Naquian]]) or '''Tergetian''' (e.g. ''døluder Terged'' in [[Tseer]], ''tergetosin'' in [[Clofabosin]]) in various Trician languages. It is more distantly related to [[Tseer]] and [[Häskä]].

Modern Naeng is a revived koine/lingua franca/creole arising from various Classical Naeng reading and interpretive traditions, and some scholars believe that Modern Naeng grammar doesn't directly continue that of Classical Naeng. An even more unorthodox view proposed by modern linguist Hăyad Săfărchal is that Modern Naeng should be thought of as a Lakovic-Netagin-Nurian hybrid language, unlike Tseer and [[Tergetian vernaculars]] which are true Lakovic languages; he thinks Modern Naeng is in part a relexification of Netagin and Nurian with Classical Naeng words, and he proposes that it be renamed to ''fi brits Biechănd'' or the Bjeheondian language. This hypothesis is challenged by Prăfin of Bălang and other scholars of creoles and sprachbunds in Tricin, who cited various historical intermediate stages of Naeng which appeared in writing (e.g. works by Etsoj Jopah) and in folk songs. For example, the polite pronoun ''Pra'' (from ''pida'' 'sage'), which is post-Classical, is found in ___'s letters.

Today, Naeng is the majority language of Pategia and Quintlopetl, and a prominent minority language of the [[Verse:Tricin/USB|USB]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]]. In [[Talma]] Classical Naeng was replaced with vernacular Naeng varieties (called the [[Tergetian vernaculars|Tergetian languages]]) and other languages. With 220 million native and L2 speakers, it is the fifth most widely spoken language and the most widely spoken [[Lakovic]] language. It forms the [[Bjeheond]]ian sprachbund with [[Netagin]] vernaculars, [[Trây]], [[Gwnax]], and most other Bjeheondian languages.  

{{Windermere sidebar}}

*Classical Wdm. /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ become /f θ x/; /f θ/ gain voiced realizations

*Classical Wdm. reduced vowels ''ă'' /ɔ/ and ''ĭ'' /ɨ/ merge into ''ă'' /ə/

**CWdm a e i o u ü → MidWdm ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ʏ → ModWdm a e ie o ua üe

**CWdm à è ì ò ù ǜ → MidWdm æ e i o u y → ModWdm ä ea i oa u ü

!  |Lateral<br/>''molăgoan''

!  |Palatal<br/>''moyăclech''

! |<small>voiced<br/>''yătger''</small>

| '''g''' /g/

! |<small>voiceless<br/>''chatger''</small>

| '''th''' /ð/

Voiceless stops /p t k/ are usually unaspirated [p⁼ t⁼ k⁼]. Voiced stops /b d g/ are fully voiced. Front fricatives /v ð z/ are by default voiced [v ð z]; they only devoice to [f θ s] when followed by an "inherently voiceless" consonant, i.e. one of /p t k ts x h ʔ/. (Thus obstruent voicing assimilation can be said to work like in Slavic languages or Israeli Hebrew.)

===Vowels (''motrăway'')===

*Stressed '''ă''' is used mainly in loans from [[Scellan]] (in Crackfic Tricin, English).

*Vocalization of R has caused a chain vowel shift in stressed vowels Std. Wdm. (these shifts don't occur for e o before w/y):

This script is the one used in the Mărotłite sacred texts (the Imθumăytil and other pidaic writings) and other Classical Naeng texts. It descends from Talmic runes and is thus a sister of the Talmic alphabet, which is used for [[Talmic]] languages. Nowadays it is mainly used for religious (Mărotłite announcements/edicts/rulings/etc.), ceremonial, and decorative purposes.

The modern Naeng script is an abugida related to Idavic scripts. It derives from an old Bjeheondian runic alphabet, which was in turn an adaptation of an even older logographic writing system used by the Dábhiaŋal (Wdm. ''Dobingal'') civilization (from ancient Erkwisngwal).

The nonspecific-specific distinction often makes pluralization unnecessary where English would require it:

*Cohortative: ''Tsrin e bang!'' (Let's eat!)

| ''ngă'ü'' || ''ngăm'ü''

*fnga = can

*soas = or (either one of two)

*nüng = until

Classical Naeng inflected prepositions survive in Modern Naeng (in fact ''*ya rie'' for 'with me' is incorrect as in CWdm) but are only used in formal or written Naeng. Spoken Naeng uses directionals and verbs of motion instead of inflected prepositions.  

*bar: through

*nüng = until, up to

**häb = (high register synonym of ''nüng'')

*sngeaf 'world, Tricin, age (used in the idiom ''sloc imsngeaf'' "forever" (lit. until the judgement of the world) ' < seaf 'walk, go'

Head-initial concatenation is often used to derive expressions that would correspond to words in English. Concatenated expressions are hyphenated, e.g. ''hălwier-chne'' 'mathematics' (lit. 'beauty of ideal/order').

'''''Tsor croth fa ășeal pluam te thür mis hăltsăbas tes imłin. Tung răfongüe nam yas hălpăthin tes bintochur, te pdar thușnoa e nam tănse fidoan măceaf nătha mis șăgor hălchăsräf.'''''

This passage is from the ''Imthumitil Păchlac'', a retranslation of the [[Verse:Tricin/Imθumitil|Imθumitil]] into Modern Naeng by Yăchef Clay.

Modern Wdm.

''Swe chea chmi chnung e müets ĭmchäth hăsüs, se doan chäth chea plawăsma: "Șrüch stiw! Ruay mĭ tsum ĭmmognas tach dunse, ĭmmălin thaf müets, ĭmchustiw liew, ĭmchusmäch thaf müets, ĭmchumüets tach, te doan ĭmchutach."''

Original (Classical Wdm.)

''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."''

The most common meter in literary verse by far is the anapestic tetrameter: (u)uSuuSuuSuuS. It is also used in the [[Verse:Tricin/King Sămtsay Song|King Sămtsay Song]], the Bjeheondian national anthem.

[[Category:Tricin]]