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{{Windermere sidebar}} | {{Windermere sidebar}} | ||
'''Classical Windermere''' ('''CWdm''', native name: ''wănaang Dămee'' /wɔnaʱŋ dɔˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: ''fi | '''Classical Windermere''' ('''CWdm''', native name: ''wănaang Dămee'' /wɔnaʱŋ dɔˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: ''fi wănäng Impida'' 'the language of the Pida (Sages)'; [[Skellan]]: ''a łynǿñ Dymée ryn Byðá'') is a standardized variety of Windermere based on the language of Windermere texts written from ca. fT -300 through fT 500. Alongside its relative [[Classical Tseer]], Classical Windermere served as a lingua franca of learning, governance, law, and religion in premodern Talma and lent many words to other Talman languages. Later Classical Windermere borrowed many words from Classical Tseer. | ||
Especially in its religious register, it was influenced by [[Tigol]]. | |||
== Todo == | == Todo == | ||
* ăyă/ăy > i | * ăyă/ăy > i | ||
==Status== | ==Status== | ||
Classical Windermere is the language of Mărotłite sacred texts, such as the | Classical Windermere is the language of Mărotłite sacred texts, such as the Imθumitil and other Pidaic writings. | ||
In Talma Classical Windermere has evolved into various Talman Windermere vernaculars. Classical Windermere is still used as the liturgical language of Mărotłism and is an official language of the city-state [[Verse:Tricin/Yocneam|Yocneam]]. | In Talma Classical Windermere has evolved into various Talman Windermere vernaculars. Modern [[Windermere]], on the other hand, is an evolution of revived Classical Windermere. Classical Windermere is still used as the liturgical language of Mărotłism and is an official language of the city-state [[Verse:Tricin/Yocneam|Yocneam]]. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
! |Labial | ! |Labial | ||
! |Alveolar | ! |Alveolar | ||
! |Lateral | |||
! |Palatal | ! |Palatal | ||
! |Velar | ! |Velar | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''ts''' /ts̪/ | | '''ts''' /ts̪/ | ||
| '''tł''' / | | '''tł''' /tɬ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''s''' /s̪/ | | '''s''' /s̪/ | ||
| '''ł''' / | | '''ł''' /ɬ/ | ||
| '''ș''' /ʃ/ | | '''ș''' /ʃ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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Late Classical Windermere also had '''ö''' /ø/ in [[Tseer]] loans. | Late Classical Windermere also had '''ö''' /ø/ in [[Tseer]] loans. | ||
In Middle Windermere, the clear vowels '''a e i o u ü''' became RTR vowels /ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ʏ/, while the breathy vowels '''aa ee ii oo uu üü''' became ATR vowels /æ e i o u y/. | In Middle Windermere, the clear vowels '''a e i o u ü''' became RTR vowels /ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ʏ/, while the breathy vowels '''aa ee ii oo uu üü''' became ATR vowels /æ e i o u y/. These qualities became the basis for vowel realizations in reading traditions. | ||
Classical Windermere | Classical Windermere had two reduced vowels, '''ă''' /ɔ/ and '''ĭ''' /ə~ɪ/, which merged to '''ă''' /ə/ in Modern Windermere. '''ă''' comes from Proto-Ashanic unstressed *a, *o, *u, and '''ĭ''' comes from Proto-Ashanic unstressed *i, *ü, *e. This contrast is retained in [[Pradiul]] as palatalization. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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Concatenative plurals (especially for longer words): | Concatenative plurals (especially for longer words): | ||
*''păltsiφ'' 'merchant' > ''impăltsiφ'' 'merchants' | *''păltsiφ'' 'merchant' > ''impăltsiφ'' 'merchants' | ||
*''neeχ-snooχ'' 'man of learning' > ''luc-snooχ'' | |||
====Gender==== | ====Gender==== | ||
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*2pl: ''łĭnam'' (m), ''łĭsam'' (f) | *2pl: ''łĭnam'' (m), ''łĭsam'' (f) | ||
*3pl: ''ĭnam'' (m), ''ĭsam'' (f) | *3pl: ''ĭnam'' (m), ''ĭsam'' (f) | ||
Pronouns get cliticized to verbs in Middle Windermere. | |||
====Possessive prefixes==== | ====Possessive prefixes==== | ||
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*1sg: ''rĭ-'' +V | *1sg: ''rĭ-'' +V | ||
*2sg: ''hĭ-'' +V (m), ''hĭ-'' (f) | *2sg: ''hĭ-'' +V (m), ''hĭ-'' (f) | ||
*3sg: ''ĭ-'' +V (m), '' | *3sg: ''ĭ-'' +V (m), ''ĭs-'' (f) | ||
*1pl exclusive: ''tsă-'' +V | *1pl exclusive: ''tsă-'' +V | ||
*1pl inclusive: ''su-'' +V (from a fossilized ''seew'' 'here') | *1pl inclusive: ''su-'' +V (from a fossilized ''seew'' 'here') | ||
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====Prepositions==== | ====Prepositions==== | ||
Classical Windermere had inflected prepositions, like [[Tigol]] and most modern Talmic languages | Classical Windermere had inflected prepositions, like [[Tigol]] and most modern Talmic languages. Some prepositions had suppletive forms when inflected. | ||
The regular pronominal affixes: | The regular pronominal affixes: | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''mi'' 'in, at': ''mir, mił, miłes, min, mis, mitsa, ming, miłam, miłam, minam, misam'' | *''mi'' 'in, at': ''mir, mił, miłes, min, mis, mitsa, ming, miłam, miłam, minam, misam'' | ||
*''șa'' 'to, for': ''șar, șał, șăłes, șan, șas, șatsa, | *''șa'' 'to, for': ''șar, șał, șăłes, șan, șas, șatsa, șbang, șăłam, șăłam, șănam, șăsam'' | ||
*''φa'' 'from': ''ăχir, ăχeł, ăχłes, ăχin, ăχis, ăχtsa, | *''φa'' 'from': ''ăχir, ăχeł, ăχłes, ăχin, ăχis, ăχtsa, ăχbang, ăχłam, ăχłam, ăχnam, ăχsam'' | ||
*''ya'' 'with: ''yăngir, yăngeł, yăngłes, yăngin, yăngis, yăngtsa, yăbang, yăłam; yănam, yăsam'' | |||
Sometimes variant forms with -ng- show up: e.g. ''șăngłam'' or ''șăngar'' | |||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
The usual word order | The usual word order is VOS (assuming the topic is the subject), unlike Modern Windermere's SVO. The syntax is generally Mishnaic Hebrew-like but it's topic-final. | ||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumitil''=== | ==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumitil''=== | ||
The following story is from the [[Verse:Tricin/ | (The following story is from the [[Verse:Tricin/Imθumitil|Imθumitil]], a major Talman religious text.) | ||
Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. | |||
Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts sălmeχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ." | |||
"Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid. | |||
"Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!" eφθooc φin χaaθ. | |||
"Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw." esngim | |||
șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid. | |||
====Gloss==== | ====Gloss==== | ||
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Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?" | Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?" | ||
''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."'' | ''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."'' | ||
in-PROG-count other PFV-call SP.M one: 63: six individual, 15 pair, 20 triad, 15 tetrad, 6 pentad, 1 hexad | in-PROG-count other PFV-call SP.M one: 63: six individual, 15 pair, 20 triad, 15 tetrad, 6 pentad, 1 hexad | ||
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PFV-answer DEF.M child "lo, clear DEF.M Master all team previous, and add PL-team other with-person that" | PFV-answer DEF.M child "lo, clear DEF.M Master all team previous, and add PL-team other with-person that" | ||
The child | The child responded: "It is plain, Master: all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!" | ||
''Esngim φin Pĭda Brăwid șa φin χaaθ șa-ngiil, "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw."'' | ''Esngim φin Pĭda Brăwid șa φin χaaθ șa-ngiil, "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw."'' | ||
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==Poetry== | ==Poetry== | ||
===Early Classical poetry=== | ===Early Classical poetry=== | ||
Early Classical Windermere poetry, such as poetic parts of the | Early Classical Windermere poetry, such as poetic parts of the Imθumitil, was a form of rhymed prose. (cf. saj3 in the Qur'an) | ||
===Later Classical poetry=== | ===Later Classical poetry=== | ||
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''Răwoł hĭspeel / tsor pĭχăngdiis.'' | ''Răwoł hĭspeel / tsor pĭχăngdiis.'' | ||
''Da hĭtsărüüng, / woch hogăsgiis,'' | ''Da hĭtsărüüng, / woch hogăsgiis,'' | ||
''Hĭdgun cămbey, / heneeb | ''Hĭdgun cămbey, / heneeb θiφiis.'' | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||