Naeng/Literature: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
Line 60: Line 60:
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Windermere consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Dental
! | Alveolar
! | Palatal
! | Medial
! | Velar
! | Labiovelar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
|
| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''ƈ''' /cˤ/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''qu''' /kʷ/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''ʛ''' /ɟˤ/
| '''g''' /ɡ/
| '''ꝿu''' /ɡʷ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''th''' /θ~ð/
| '''s''' /s/
|
| '''ƨ''' /çˤ~ʝˤ/
| '''h''' /x~ɣ/
| '''xu''' /xʷ/
| ('''ħ''' /h/)
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| ('''v''' /v/)
| ('''dh''' /ð/)
| '''z''' /z/
|
|
| ('''gh''' /x~ɣ/)
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
|
| '''ts''' /ts/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral approximant
|
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
| '''j''' /j/
| '''r''' /jˤ/
|
| '''w''' /w/
|
|}
;Notes
*Voiceless plosives and affricates are lightly aspirated.
*The medial consonants /cˤ, ɟˤ, çˤ, jˤ/ vary by idiolect and can be laminal retroflex [ʈʂ, ɖʐ, ʂ, ɻ], pharyngealized palatal [cˤ, ɟˤ, çˤ,jˤ], or pharyngealized uvular [qˤ, ɢˤ, χˤ, ʁˤ].
*Sounds in parentheses are phonemic in Southern Windermere. Voiceless fricatives except /s/ are voiced intervocalically in Northern Windermere.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;
! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Front
! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Central
! colspan="3" style="width: 160px; " |Back
|-
!|<small>short</small>
!|<small>long</small>
!|<small>rhotic</small>
!|<small>short</small>
!|<small>long</small>
!|<small>rhotic</small>
!|<small>short</small>
!|<small>long</small>
!|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ii''' /iː/
|rowspan="2"| '''ir, ɿr, iər''' /ɪɚ/
| '''y''' /ɨ/
| '''yy''' /ɨː/
| '''yr, yər''' /ɨɚ/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''uu''' /uː/
|rowspan="2"| '''ur, ꝏr, uər''' /ʊɚ/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''ɿ''' /e~ɪ/
| '''ɿɿ''' /eː~ɪː/
|
|
|
| '''ꝏ''' /o~ʊ/
| '''oo''' /oː~ʊː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
|
|
| '''ə''' /ə/
| '''əə''' /əː/
| '''ər''' /ɚː/
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''ee''' /ɛː/
| '''er''' /ɛɚ/
|
|
|
| '''ɔ''' /ɔ/
| '''ɔɔ''' /ɔː/
|rowspan="2"| '''ꜿr, ɔr''' /ɑɚ/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
| '''aa''' /æː/
| '''ar''' /æɚ/
|
|
|
| '''ꜿ''' /ɑ/
| '''ꜿꜿ''' /ɑː/
|}
As '''ꜿ''' is a rare vowel sound in Windermere, it's often merged with '''ɔ''' into /ɑ~ɒ/. This does not happen in all accents of Windermere so the spelling distinguishes the two phonemes.
Windermere also allows the following diphthongs: '''iə yə uə ai ꜿe ꜿo au ꜿy ei ɔi ɿu ꝏi eꜿ əi əy əu'''.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are sesquisyllables that result from epenthesis of initial consonant clusters.
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C), where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Windermere nouns have 12 cases.
Nouns are always capitalized, but the first word of a sentence is not necessarily capitalized.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''''Sngeef'' - world'''
|-
!scope="row"|Nominative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeef''
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefə''
|-
!scope="row"|Partitive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəƨ''
|-
!scope="row"|Illative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefərə''
|-
!scope="row"|Inessive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefər''
|-
!scope="row"|Elative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefərƨ''
|-
!scope="row"|Allative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefənə''
|-
!scope="row"|Adessive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefən''
|-
!scope="row"|Ablative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefənƨ''
|-
!scope="row"|Translative
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəthə''
|-
!scope="row"|Essive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəth''
|-
!scope="row"|Instructive
|colspan="2"|''Sngeefəng''
|}
The plural prefix is ''ɿm-'', so: ''Ꞁmsngeef'' = 'worlds', ''Ꞁmsngeefe'' = 'of worlds', ...
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
(to be added)
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs conjugate for person and tense. The present tense conjugation is as follows:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Present indicative athematic endings
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''-im''
|''-im''
|-
!|2, 3
|''-ep''
|''-ep''
|}
For example,
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | ''ädahþ'' 'to speak'
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ädim''
|''ädim''
|-
!|2, 3
|''ädep''
|''ädep''
|}
Thematic verbs conjugate differently:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | ''meþahþ'' 'to sit'
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''meþäm''
|''meþäm''
|-
!|2, 3
|''meþöp''
|''meþöp''
|}
[add rule here]
The past and future tense conjugations are identical to the present tense conjugation, except the first person forms coincide with the second person present forms.
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Word order in Windermere is SVO. Otherwise it's head-final, which means:
* adjectives and relative clauses precede nouns, so "the man who eats apples" is literally "the apple-eating man"
* postpositions, not prepositions
* complementizers are head-initial (because of the final-over-final constraint)
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Naeng/Literature"