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Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase =Kā tahône, ra' | |phrase =Kā tahône, ra' tasip'itá'? | ||
| IPA = ka: ta'ɦo:nɛ ɾaʔ | | IPA = ka: ta'ɦo:nɛ ɾaʔ taʃɪpʔ'ɪta | ||
| morphemes = kā ta=hone, ra' ta- | | morphemes = kā ta=hone, ra' ta-sip-Ø-itá-ʔ | ||
| gloss = 2S INV.SG=cry who INV-CAUS-HS-COP-LS | | gloss = 2S INV.SG=cry who INV-CAUS-HS-COP-LS | ||
| translation = Who is making you cry? | | translation = Who is making you cry? | ||
}} | }} | ||
The following two sentences are polarity questions, with no difference in meaning. The third sentence, containing both polarity markers ''=yo'' and sentence-final particle '' | The following two sentences are polarity questions, with no difference in meaning. The third sentence, containing both polarity markers ''=yo'' and sentence-final particle ''aní'', implies incredulity: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Ekenko tuas sitá', yankór<ref>From reconstructed P-Nahenic *''wa=man=kor'' (CONN=SEQ=and.yet).</ref> seskoro sioykar ináka. | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = Ekenko tuaʃ 'ʃi'taʔ yan'koɾ 'ʃɛʃkoɾo 'ʃoɪkaɾ ɪ'naka | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = ekenko tuas s-itá' yankór se=skoro sioykar iná-ka. | ||
| gloss = 1S.3S wash.out | | gloss = 1S.3S wash.out CON-AUX.TRN however reed=DEM.PROX good be-NEG. | ||
| translation = I'm trying to wash (the stain) out, but this reed brush isn't good. | | translation = I'm trying to wash (the stain) out, but this reed brush isn't good. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Nankôre has a rich set of clitics and suffixes that serve as nominalizers. They are, in order of frequency: | Nankôre has a rich set of clitics and suffixes that serve as nominalizers. They are, in order of frequency: | ||
* ''-pe'': Clausal relativizer, cognate with Minhast ''=naft'' | * ''-pe'': Clausal relativizer, cognate with Minhast ''=naft'' | ||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Nan issiah pinninnináh'''pe''' pirút taporé ta'itá'. | |||
| IPA = | |||
| morphemes = nan issiah pinninnináh-pe pirút ta-poré ta-'itá' | |||
| gloss = man come COP.FUT-NMLZ sasquatch INV-vanquish INV-COP | |||
| translation = The (next) man who comes here shall defeat the Sasquatch. | |||
}} | |||
* ''-hi''<ref>Not to be confused for Irrealis ''-hi'', which suffixes to the ''itá'/iná' '' auxiliaries.</ref><ref>Cognate with Minhast gerundial ''-x-''</ref>: attaches directly to a verb root to derive participles | * ''-hi''<ref>Not to be confused for Irrealis ''-hi'', which suffixes to the ''itá'/iná' '' auxiliaries.</ref><ref>Cognate with Minhast gerundial ''-x-''</ref>: attaches directly to a verb root to derive participles | ||
* ''-hici'': Derives instruments from verb roots, a compound of ''-hi-'' and a submorpheme ''-ci'', possibly derived from ''kaci'' "path" | * ''-hici'': Derives instruments from verb roots, a compound of ''-hi-'' and a submorpheme ''-ci'', possibly derived from ''kaci'' "path" | ||
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! Striking | ! Striking | ||
| ya- | | ya- | ||
| | | sipa "hand" | ||
| ya- | | ya-spa | ||
| to punch | | to punch | ||
| Minhast, Horse Speaker dialect: ''wi-šnu'' "to strike, hit" (Minhast ''išna'' "fist", "knuckles") | | Minhast, Horse Speaker dialect: ''wi-šnu'' "to strike, hit" (Minhast ''išna'' "fist", "knuckles") | ||
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| ha-nake | | ha-nake | ||
| to scoot along the floor with one's foot; to kick around | | to scoot along the floor with one's foot; to kick around | ||
| Nahónda: ''ho-shishpa'' "to give" ''shishp'' = hand; c.f. Minhast ''sespir'' = hand, Nankôre '' | | Nahónda: ''ho-shishpa'' "to give" ''shishp'' = hand; c.f. Minhast ''sespir'' = hand, Nankôre ''sipa'' = hand | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Stability | ! Stability | ||
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=== Numbers === | === Numbers === | ||
The Nankôre number system is dozenal, i.e. base-12. The numbers thirteen through twenty-three are modified compounds consisting of the unit numbers '' | The Nankôre number system is dozenal, i.e. base-12. The numbers thirteen through twenty-three are modified compounds consisting of the unit numbers ''siori'' (1) through ''siktas'' (11) compounded to ''sin'' (12). The number twenty-four ''hanosin'' can be analyzed as ''han-o-sin'', where the affix ''-o-'' signifies "multiplied by", so ''hanosin'' literally means "two times twelve". The multiplicative pattern continues until the number 144, which is called ''nakpa''. The number 100 (''nenanosin >> nena ān-o-sin'') is literally "four (and) eight times twelve". The ordinals for the numbers 1-7 are the cardinal numbers suffixed by ''-ak'' or ''-ok''. Numbers 8-11 are the cardinal numbers suffixed with the ending ''-u''. The ordinal for the number 12 is again suffixed with ''-ok'', and the higher numbers with ''-nok''. If the ''-nok'' affix is preceded by a consonant followed by ''-i-'', the ''-i-'' may be dropped, provided that this does not form the impermissible consonant cluster -CCC- sequence. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! one | ! one | ||
| | | siôri | ||
| | | sioriak | ||
|- | |- | ||
! two | ! two | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! five | ! five | ||
| | | sisiak | ||
| catak | | catak | ||
|- | |- | ||
! six | ! six | ||
| | | sirisio | ||
| | | siirsiok | ||
|- | |- | ||
! seven | ! seven | ||
| | | kerisio | ||
| | | kirsiok | ||
|- | |- | ||
! eight | ! eight | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ten | ! ten | ||
| | | kase /'kaʃɛ/ | ||
| kasku | | kasku | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! thirteen | ! thirteen | ||
| | | siorsin | ||
| | | siorsinok | ||
|- | |- | ||
! fourteen | ! fourteen | ||
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Nankóre's connective ''si='' has no known cognates, and unlike its sister languages, ''si='' is not restricted to joining NPs or complex, non-verbal phrases. While the dependency relation in a ''si='' construction may be discernible, often the directionality is ambiguous and thus context must be used to disambiguate, or other morphosyntactic devices, such as the co-occurrence of the inverse marker ''ta' '' in possessive phrases. | Nankóre's connective ''si='' has no known cognates, and unlike its sister languages, ''si='' is not restricted to joining NPs or complex, non-verbal phrases. While the dependency relation in a ''si='' construction may be discernible, often the directionality is ambiguous and thus context must be used to disambiguate, or other morphosyntactic devices, such as the co-occurrence of the inverse marker ''ta' '' in possessive phrases. | ||
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Interestingly, some NP phrases where one would expect a connective to appear are absent. A notable example is ''Hôkun Pe' '', literally "long house", rather than the expected ''hokun si-Pe' '', which is uncommon. The expected form is ''Pe' hokun iná' '', lit. "The house (that) is long". | Interestingly, some NP phrases where one would expect a connective to appear are absent. A notable example is ''Hôkun Pe' '', literally "long house", rather than the expected ''hokun si-Pe' '', which is uncommon. The expected form is ''Pe' hokun iná' '', lit. "The house (that) is long". | ||
--> | |||
====Other Particles==== | ====Other Particles==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! na | ! na | ||
| and | | and <br/> so, therefore | ||
| Nahónda ''máma'' "also", Common Minhast ''=mā'' "and then" | | Nahónda ''máma'' "also", Common Minhast ''=mā'' "and then" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
=== The Tower of Babel === | |||
# Now the whole earth had one language and the same words. | |||
# And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. | |||
# And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. | |||
# Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be dispersed over the face of the whole earth." | |||
# And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of man had built. | |||
# And the Lord said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is only the beginning of what they will do. And nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. | |||
# Come, let us go down and there confuse their language, so that they may not understand one another's speech." | |||
# So the Lord dispersed them from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. | |||
# Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth. And from there the Lord dispersed them over the face of all the earth. | |||
<br/> | |||
# Saska nammanuyyi nan siôri si-kôre maskoy pintá', kor-kôre nihe pinninnináh.<br/>Now in.those.days mankind one CONN-speech have AUX.TRN+DIST.PST+HP.LS, word-word resemble AUX.INTR+DIST.PST.PL | |||
# Iape nanni hóttari pinninnináh, coy siori pintá', Sinar rima pintá', itáp pinninnináh. <br/> So horde approach.setting.sun AUX.INTR+DIST.PST.PL, forest.clearing see AUX.TRN+DIST.PST+HP.LS, Sinar call AUX.TRN+DIST.PST+HP.LS, sit.down AUX.INTR+DIST.PST.PL | |||
== Table of Abbreviations == | == Table of Abbreviations == | ||