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Nantai has also influenced the [[w:Tochigi dialect|Tochigi dialect]] of Japanese, mainly through the lack of distinction between /i/ and /e/ sounds, which is the defining feature of Tochigi-ben, as well as the voicing of consonants between two vowels. | Nantai has also influenced the [[w:Tochigi dialect|Tochigi dialect]] of Japanese, mainly through the lack of distinction between /i/ and /e/ sounds, which is the defining feature of Tochigi-ben, as well as the voicing of consonants between two vowels. | ||
==Comparison with Tochigi-ben== | |||
Nantai has heavily influenced the defining features of the Tochigi dialect of Japanese, alternatively called Tochigi-ben. Some features of Tochigi-ben borrowed from Nantai include: | |||
* Lack of distinction between [e] and [i] | |||
* Voicing of consonants between two vowels | |||
* Lack of contracted syllables such as [gʲu] | |||
* Lack of morphological polite register. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Nantai uses the three writing systems of Japanese: [[w:Kanji|Kanji]], [[w:Katakana|Katakana]] and [[w:Hiragana|Hiragana]]. All three scripts have the same purpose as in Japanese, with Hiragana for grammar, Kanji for vocabulary and Katakana for foreign loanwords. | Nantai uses the three writing systems of Japanese: [[w:Kanji|Kanji]], [[w:Katakana|Katakana]] and [[w:Hiragana|Hiragana]]. All three scripts have the same purpose as in Japanese, with Hiragana for grammar, Kanji for vocabulary and Katakana for foreign loanwords. | ||
====Romanisation==== | |||
<small>''Main article: [[Ōsugi-Min system]].''</small><br> | |||
Nantai has a very different romanisation system than [[w:Hepburn romanisation|Hepburn]], the romanisation system used in Japanese. The main romanisation system used in Nantai is called the [[Ōsugi-Min system|Ōsugi-Min]] system, and looks much more like [[w:Hanyu Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]] than Hepburn, mainly because diacritics are used to show high and low tones. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-<br>palatal !! Velar !! Palatal !! Glottal | ! !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-<br>palatal !! Velar !! Palatal !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| p b || t d || || k g || || ʔ | | p b || || t d || || k g || || ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| | | || f || s z || ɕ ʑ || || || h | ||
|- | |||
! Affricate | |||
| || || || t͡ɕ d͡ʑ || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| m || n || || (ŋ) || (ɲ) || | | m || || n || || (ŋ) || (ɲ) || | ||
|- | |||
! Approximant | |||
| w || || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
! Lateral | |||
| || || l || || || || | |||
|} | |} | ||
/ɲ/ and /ŋ/ are allophones of /n/, for before /e/ or /i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively. | /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ are allophones of /n/, for before /e/ or /i/ and before /k/ or /g/ respectively. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Front !! Central !! Back | |||
|- | |||
! Close/close-mid | |||
| i~e || || ɯ | |||
|- | |||
! Close-mid/Open-mid | |||
| || || o~ɔ | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| a || || | |||
|} | |||
====Nasalisation==== | |||
When an alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is after a vowel, the vowel is nasalised and the consonant is no longer pronounced, e.g. /a/ + /n/ → /an/ → /ã/. | |||
Nasalised vowels are still considered vowels, so the VCV rule still applies, e.g. /ṼtṼ/ would still become /ṼdṼ/, with /Ṽ/ representing any nasalised vowel. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
==== | ====Pitch-accent==== | ||
Nantai uses a similar pitch-accent system as Japanese. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Nantai has a similar phonotactic system as Japanese, which mostly fits the (C)V(V) pattern. | |||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
====Personal==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | First person | |||
| ''hà''<br>私 || ''hà-táhi''<br>私達 | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Second person | |||
| ''náta''<br>なた || ''náta-táhi''<br>なた達 | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Third person | |||
! Masculine | |||
| ''kárè*''<br>彼 || ''kárèra''<br>彼ら | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| ''káno-sò*''<br>彼女 || ''káno-sò-táhi''<br>彼女達 | |||
|} | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Kárè''(彼) and ''káno-sò''(彼女) are loanwords from Japanese. Historically, Classical Nantai had no gendered third person pronouns. | |||
====Demonstrative==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Near !! Far !! Further | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| rowspan=2 | ''kó''<br>こ || ''ká''<br>か || ''aká''<br>あか<ref>Not to be confused with ''áka''(赤), meaning "red".</ref> | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''kásu''<br>かす || ''akásu''<br>あかす | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||