Natalician: Difference between revisions

| ʎ

| (ɣ˕)

| ɾ

|ʀ

Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in -o, with plural marked by -i, feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -ai, and neuter nouns typically end in -ȯ, with plural marked by -a. A fourth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in -r in the singular and -i in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative

| Flower || Feminine || Bloma || Blomai

| Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana

| Love || Masculine || Amore || Amori

| Art || Feminine || Crafte || Crafti

| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni

| King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi

| Father || Masculine || Fadar || Fadari

 

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! Number

! o-stem ^m

! a-stem ^f

! o-stem ⁿ

! r-stem ^unm

!rowspan=4| Singular

! {{small|nom.}}

| dago

! {{small|acc.}}

| dagȯ

| geva

! {{small|dat.}}

| dagȧ

| gevȧ

! {{small|gen.}}

| hauviþi

!rowspan=4| Plural

! {{small|nom.}}

| dagi

| broþari

! {{small|acc.}}

| dagos

| gevas

! {{small|dat.}}

| dagom

| gevam

| hauviþom

| broþarivo

! {{small|gen.}}

| broþarem

|}

 

Luthic, like Latin and Gothic, inherited the full set of Indo-European pronouns: personal pronouns (including [[w:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronouns]] for each of the three [[w:Grammatical person|grammatical persons]]), possessive pronouns, both simple and compound demonstratives, relative pronouns, interrogatives and indefinite pronouns. Each follows a particular pattern of inflection (partially mirroring the noun declension), much like other Indo-European languages. Although Luthic inherited a paradigm extremely close to Gothic (and Common Germanic), the Italic influence is visible in the genitive and plural formations.

 

| *u̯ei̯ ^nom, *n̥s ^acc || nōs ^nom/acc || weis ^nom, uns ^acc || wir ^nom, uns ^acc || vi ^nom, unse ^acc

|}

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Personal pronouns of Standard Luthic

! rowspan=2| Number

!colspan=3| 3^rd person

! rowspan=2| reflexive

! {{small|masculine}}

! {{small|feminine}}

! {{small|neuter}}

!rowspan=4| Singular

! {{small|nom.}}

| is

| ia

| ata

| —

! {{small|acc.}}

| mic

| þuc

| inȯ

! {{small|dat.}}

| mis

| þus

| iȧ

| iȧ

! {{small|dat.}}

| meina

| þeina

| eis

| isai

!rowspan=4| Singular

! {{small|nom.}}

| vi

| gi

| eis

! {{small|acc.}}

| unse

| isve

| eis

| isas

! {{small|dat.}}

| unsis

| isvis

| eis

| eis

! {{small|gen.}}

| unsara

| isvara

| eisôro

| eisâro

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Possessive pronouns of Standard Luthic

! rowspan=2| Number

! rowspan=2| Case

!colspan=3| 1^st person singular

!colspan=3| 2^st person singular

!colspan=3| 3^rd person singular

! {{small|masculine}}

! {{small|masculine}}

! {{small|feminine}}

! {{small|neuter}}

! {{small|masculine}}

! {{small|neuter}}

!rowspan=4| Singular

| þeino

| þeina

| þeinȯ

| seino

| seinȯ

! {{small|acc.}}

| þeina

| þeinȯ

| seinȯ

| seina

| seinȯ

! {{small|dat.}}

| þeinȧ

| þeinȧ

| seinȧ

| seinȧ

| seinȧ

! {{small|gen.}}

| þeinai

| þeini

| seini

| seinai

| seini

!rowspan=4| Plural

| þeini

| þeinai

| þeina

| seini

| seina

! {{small|acc.}}

| þeinas

| þeina

| seinos

| seinas

| seina

! {{small|dat.}}

| þeinam

| þeinom

| seinom

| seinam

| seinom

! {{small|gen.}}

| þeinaro

| þeinoro

| seinoro

| seinaro

| seinoro

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan=2| Number

! rowspan=2| Case

!colspan=3| 1^st person singular

!colspan=3| 2^st person singular

!colspan=3| 3^rd person singular

|-

! {{small|feminine}}

!rowspan=4| Singular

| unsar

! {{small|acc.}}

! {{small|dat.}}

| unsarȧ

| isvari

| isvarȧ

| isvarȧ

| seinȧ

! {{small|gen.}}

| unsari

| unsarai

| unsari

| isvari

| seini

!rowspan=4| Plural

| unsarai

| unsara

| isvari

| isvarai

| seina

! {{small|acc.}}

| unsara

| isvares

| isvaras

| isvara

| seina

! {{small|dat.}}

| unsarivo

| unsaram

| unsarom

| isvarivo

| seinom

! {{small|gen.}}

| unsarem

| unsararo

| unsaroro

| isvarem

| seinoro

The pronouns unsar, isvar have an irregular declension, being declined like an unmarked adjective in the masculine gender and marked in the other genders. Every possessive pronoun is declined like an o-stem adjective for masculine and neuter gender, while its feminine counterpart is declined as an a-stem adjective

Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are indeclinable by case and number: