Niemish: Difference between revisions

|pronunciation = /nʲimsk/

|creator = [[User:Tardigrade]]

 

! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]

! {{small|voiceless}}

| [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ || fʲ ⟨fj⟩

| ⟨be⟩ || ⟨je⟩ || ⟨hä⟩ || ⟨e⟩  

| [[w:Yat|Ꙓ ꙓ]] || || Jä jä, iä || /jɛ, , ʲɛ/ || ||

| [[w:Yus|Ꙙ ꙙ]] || || Ą ą || /ã, ʲã/ || ||  

| [[w:Yus|Ѩ ѩ]] || || Ję, ję || /jẽ/ || ||  

All nouns belong to one of two genders: masculine and feminine. The neuter gender of medieval Niemish has fallen together with masculine except in the Westlandic dialect, although the neuter plural still survives as an irregular plural for some formerly neuter nouns and has even become generalised to mark the plural of masculine nouns that commonly occur as a group, especially in pairs, often in parallel with a regular plural with a less specialised sense.

There are three classes of masculine noun:

====Masculine nouns====

The Gothic subjunctive mood has been repurposed into two set of dependent verb forms (perfective and imperfective); these cannot occur without subordinating prefix ''i''.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Non-past

! Past

! rowspan="2" | Imperative

! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[w:Imperfective|Imperfective]]

! rowspan="2" |

| ''('I break')''

| ''('I was breaking')''

| ''('be breaking!')''

! 1 sg.

| brek || brak  || rowspan="3" | brik

! 2 sg.

! 3 sg.

| brikt || brak

! 1 pl.

| breką || braką || rowspan="3" | brikt

! 2 pl.

| brikt  || brakt

! 3 pl.

| breką  || braką

! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[w:Perfective|Perfective]]

! rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="8" |

| ''('break!')''

! 1 sg.

| gybrak  || rowspan="3" | gybrik

! 2 sg.

| gybrakt

! 3 sg.

| gybrak

! 1 pl.

| gybraką  || rowspan="3" | gybrikt

! 2 pl.

| gybrakt

! 3 pl.

| gybraką

! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[w:Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]]

! rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="8" |

| ''('I have broken')''

| ''('I had broken')''

! 1 sg.

| hab gybrokyn    || had gybrokyn

! 2 sg.

| has gybrokyn || hads gybrokyn

| hat gybrokyn  || had gybrokyn

| ham gybrokyn || hadą gybrokyn

| hat gybrokyn || hadt gybrokyn

| han gybrokyn || hadą gybrokyn

! scope="row" rowspan="7" | Imperfective<br/>[[w:Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms|Dependent]]

!  

! Present<br/>perfective dependent

! Past<br/>perfective dependent

! rowspan="7" |

| breka    || brikkia

| brekes  || brikes

| breke  || brikkj

| brekem || brikem

| breket  || briket

| breken  ||briken

! scope="row" rowspan="7" | Perfective<br/>[[w:Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms|Dependent]]

!  

! Present<br/>perfective dependent

! Past<br/>perfective dependent

! rowspan="7" |

| gybreka   || gybrikkia

| gybrekes || gybrikes

| gybreke   || gybrikkj

| gybrekem || gybrikem

| gybreket || gybriket

| gybreken || gybriken

 

! colspan="2" | Present

! colspan="2" | Past

! colspan="2" | Present

! colspan="2" | Past

! Imperfective

| i na breke

| na willt i breke

| 'he will be breaking'

| na willt i brikkj

! Perfective

| i na gybreke

| 'he will break'

| i na gybrikkj

| 'he probably broke'

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Aspect

! colspan=2 | Non-past

! rowspan="2" | Imperative

! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[w:Imperfective|Imperfective]]

! rowspan="2" |

| colspan=2 | ''('I have')''

| ''('be having!')''

| colspan=2 | hab || had  || rowspan="3" | hab

| habs || has || hadt

| habt || hat || had

| habą || ham || hadą || rowspan="3" | habt

| habt || hat || hadt

| habą || han || hadą

|-

! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[w:Perfective|Perfective]]

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan=2 rowspan="8" |

| ''('I had')''

| ''('have!')''

! 1 sg.

| gyhad  || rowspan="3" | gyhab

! 2 sg.

| gyhadt

|-

| gyhad

|-

| gybraką  || rowspan="3" | gyhabt

|-

| gyhadt

|-

| gyhadą

! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[w:Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]]

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan=2 | Present Perfect

! rowspan="8" |

|-

| colspan=2 | ''('I have had')''

| ''('I had had')''

|-

| colspan=2 | hab gyhabt    || had gyhabt

|-

! 2 sg.

|-

! 3 sg.

|-

! 1 pl.

|-

! 2 pl.

|-

! 3 pl.

| colspan=2 | han gyhabt  || hadą gyhabt

! scope="row" rowspan="7" | Imperfective<br/>[[w:Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms|Dependent]]

|-

! 1 sg.

|-

! 2 sg.

|-

! 3 sg.

|-

! 1 pl.

|-

! 2 pl.

|-

! 3 pl.

|-

! scope="row" rowspan="7" | Perfective<br/>[[w:Dependent_and_independent_verb_forms|Dependent]]

! colspan=2 | Present<br/>perfective dependent

! Past<br/>perfective dependent

|-

! 1 sg.

|-

|-

! 3 sg.

| colspan=2 | -chabe  || gyhaz

|-

! 1 pl.

|-

! 2 pl.

|-

| colspan=2 | gyhaben  || gyhaden

{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="4" | With subordinating prefix ''e-''

! colspan="4" | With future prefix ''we-''

| '(that) he be having', 'to be having'

| '(that) he was having, 'to have been having'

| 'he will be having'

| 'he would have'

|-

| '(that) he have', 'to have'

| '(that) he had', 'to have had'

| 'he will have'

| 'he probably had'

===Wulfilan Gothic to Post-Gothic===

Wulfilan Gothic had three (in some analyses five) short vowels and seven long vowels. The short vowels were maintained in Post-Gothic and ''ē'' merged with ''ei'':

Wulfilan Gothic already showed signs of merging ''ē'' with ''ei'' attested in variant spellings such as ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄#Gothic|akeit]]'' for ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄#Gothic|akēt]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|leikeis]]'' for ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|lēkeis]]''. In Post-Gothic this merger was complete.

Syllable-final ''h'' /h/ was lost with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃#Gothic|mahts]]'' /mahts/ → Post-Got. ''māts'' /maːts/

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃#Gothic|raíhts]]'' /rɛhts/ → Post-Got. ''ráits'' /rɛːts/

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃#Gothic|slaúhts]]'' /slɔhts/ → Post-Got. ''sláuts'' /slɔːts/

This promoted ''ā'' /aː/ from a marginal phoneme to a common one.

The proposed [[w:Thurneysen's law|Thurneysen's law]] became fully operational in Post-Gothic, although it was modified:

#Spirants gained or lost voice in dissimilation with the consonant beginning the previous syllable. This occurred after ''all'' syllables, not only unstressed ones.

#Clusters cease to be treated differently from simple consonants in their effect on the gain or loss of voice in fricatives of subsequent syllables.

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|giba]]'' → Post-Got. ''gifa''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰#Gothic|bida]]'' → Post-Got. ''biþa''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼#Gothic|dagam]]'' → Post-Got. ''daχam''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰#Gothic|máiza]]'' → Post-Got. ''máisa''

Note that medial ''b, d, g,'' /b, d, g/ had the allophonic values [β, ð, ɣ] between vowels.

''h'' did not voice to ''g'' because it was a glottal fricative [h], not [x]. It remained unchanged except syllable-finally when it elided with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.

''g'' devoiced to a velar fricative [x], transcribed here as ''χ''.

 

Between a nasal and a following liquid consonant, a voiced plosive was inserted:

*Got. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|timrjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''timbrjan'' (note that ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|timbrjan]]'' already existed as a variant in Wulfilan Gothic)

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunraz#Proto-Germanic|*þunraz]]'' → Got. ''*þunr'' → Post-Got. ''þundr''

Prefixes such as ''in-'' and ''un-'' were unaffected however.

===Development of Niemish proper===

With the exception of ''h'', ''ƕ'' ''w'', consonants followed by ''j'' were geminated in a similar process to that seen in [[w:West_Germanic_gemination|West and North Germanic]] but much more extensive, as in Italo-Romance. [[w:Sievers's_law|Sievers's law]] was no longer operational at this time, as the change also occurred after long vowels (which were subsequently shortened):

Coronal consonants were palatalised during this gemination, and the voiced affricate /dz/ converted to /z/. It is thought that voiced sibilants degeminated before compensatory shortening occurred, but it is also possible that - as with ''h'', ''w'' - geminated voiced fricatives were simply disallowed at all stages (this also accounts for why ''b'', ''d'', ''g'' ceased to be fricatives with gemination).

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰#Gothic|*platja]]'' → ''*plattsa'' → ''[[Contionary:platz#Niemish|plàtz]]''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' → ''*daddzan'' → ''dazond''

 

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|skaþjan]]'' → ''*skæþþjan'' → ''*skættjan'' → ''skaczond''

 

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|láisjan]]'' → ''*lēʃʃan'' → ''leszond''

*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|aíkkleizjō]]'' → ''*klīʒʒō'' → ''[[Contionary:klizsza#Niemish|klízsza]]''

 

The prepalatal gemination was a very early sound change, likely beginning in late Post-Gothic itself. The coronal palatalisation is also found in early Romance and what little is attested of the closely related [[w:Vandalic_language|Vandalic language]].

 

It is thought that ''dj'' initially became */ddz/ before /z/, both because it patterns with ''tj'' → /tts/ and because Gothic ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazond''; had degeminated /z/ arisen in the Post-Gothic period, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasond''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.

 

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz#Proto-Germanic|*aplaz]]'' → ''[[Contionary:appol#Niemish|àppol]]''

*Lat. ''[[wikt:tabla#Latin|tabla]]'' → ''tabol''<ref name="tabul">''tabol'' is no longer extant in Niemish, although the dual definite form ''{{term|Tabla#Niemish|Tabla}}'' is still used as a name for the game Backgammon.</ref>

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂#Gothic|fōdr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:fudor#Niemish|fúdor]]''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''[[Contionary:bachom#Niemish|báchom]]''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:tagor#Niemish|tágor]]''

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → ''[[Contionary:waszor#Niemish|wàszor]]''

A epenthetic vowel was inserted before syllabic consonants:

* ''i'' if the vowel in the previous syllable was ''i'' ''ē'' or ''ei'' in Gothic

**Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃#Gothic|sitls]]'' → ''[[Contionary:sittil#Niemish|sìttil]]''

* ''i'' if the final consonant was palatal or palatalised:

 

 

 

 

 

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

| daχs || daχōs || rowspan=2 | dach || rowspan=2 | dachas || rowspan=2 | dach || rowspan=2 | dachs

| daχ || daχans

| daχis || daχei || <span style="color:red">dächis</span> || <span style="color:red">dächī</span> || <span style="color:red">dächs</span> || <span style="color:red">däche</span>

| daχa || daχam || dacha || dachą || dach || dachą

| waúrts || waúrtōs || rowspan=2 | wort || rowspan=2 | wortas || rowspan=2 | wort || rowspan=2 | worts

| waúrt || waúrtans

| waúrtis || waúrtei || <span style="color:red">wurtis</span> || <span style="color:red">wurtī</span> || <span style="color:red">wurts</span> || <span style="color:red">wurte</span>

| waúrta || waúrtam || worta || wortą || wort || wortą

====Second umlaut (umlaut pattern 2. or a-umlaut)====

The second umlaut affected Post-Gothic short ''i'' and ''u'' and long ''ái'' and ''ei'' (the last one under [[Niemish#Emergence_of_/ɨː/|limited circumstances]]). There is debate about whether the second umlaut in fact occurred before the first umlaut, but the current names for the two umlauts are too well established now for renaming them to be practical.

When followed by a back vowel in the following syllable, short ''i'' and ''u'' were lowered to ''e'' and ''o'' (see Medieval Niemish in the tables). These lowered vowels persisted after apocope eliminated the original trigger of umlaut, elevating short ''e'' and ''o'' to full phonemes in their own right, with ''i''/''e'' and ''u''/''o'' alternation often accounting for the difference between nominative singular and dative singular, or genitive singular and nominative plural:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=2 | Post-Gothic !! colspan=2 | Medieval Niemish !! colspan=2 | Niemish

|-

|-

| hunds || hundōs || rowspan=2 | hund || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">hondas</span> || rowspan=2 | hund || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">honds</span>

|-

|-

| hunda || hundam || <span style="color:blue">honda</span> || <span style="color:blue">hondą</span> || <span style="color:blue">hond</span> || <span style="color:blue">hondą</span>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! rowspan=2 | Case !! colspan=2 | Post-Gothic !! colspan=2 | Medieval Niemish !! colspan=2 | Niemish  

|-

| wiχs || wiχōs || rowspan=2 | wich || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">wechas</span> || rowspan=2 | wich || rowspan=2 | <span style="color:blue">wechs</span>

|-

| wiχa || wiχam || <span style="color:blue">wecha</span> || <span style="color:blue">wechą</span> || <span style="color:blue">wech</span> || <span style="color:blue">wechą</span>

The second umlaut affected Post-Gothic long ''ái'' and ''ei'' slightly differently. When followed by a plain consonant (or when not followed by a front vowel in the following syllable in the ''second umlaut first hypothesis'') , ''ái'' [ɛː] was broken to first [jɛ] then lowered to [ja], and ''ei'' [[Niemish#Emergence_of_/ɨː/|was lowered to /ɨː/]]:

Second umlaut was unable to occur in ja- or ju-stem nouns, and only occured in the singular of i- and u-stems. '''This gave rise to the three stems all Niemish masculine nouns belong to: ''hard'' (a-stems), ''soft'' (ja- and u-stems) and ''mixed'' (i- and u-stems).'''

Feminine nouns either underwent the second umlaut in all inflected forms (jō-, jōn- and ein-stems) or not at all (all others). Thus as with first umlaut, vowel alternations due to second umlaut do not occur in feminine nouns. Note that ''ái'' [ɛː] is not considered a front vowel for the purposes of second umlaut; the umlaut was also predicated on vowel height and ''ái'' as a low vowel could trigger second umlaut:

The coronal palatalisation was still active when the second umlaut happened, as:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽#Gothic|taíhun]]'' → Post-Got. ''taíhun'' → ''táin'' → ''tsjan'' → ''[[Contionary:tzan#Niemish|̀tzán]]'' ("ten")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃#Gothic|dáigs]]'' → Post-Got. ''dáiχs'' → ''djach'' → ''[[Contionary:zach#Niemish|zách]]'' ("dough")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sairaz|*sairaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''sáirs'' → ''sjar'' → ''[[Contionary:szar#Niemish|szár]]'' ("sore")

The fricatives that arose from coronal palatalisation were analogically extended to all forms of word where it arose, even those forms where no second umlaut had taken place.

====Development of nasal vowels====

Wherever a nasal consonant occurred word-finally or before a spirant in Post-Gothic, it disappeared in favour of nasalisation of the previous vowel. The length of the vowel was not affected, or else any change in vowel length happened too late to affect the first umlaut and was ultimately rendered irrelevant by syllable weight neutralisation:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼#Gothic|dagam]]'' → Post-Got. ''daχam'' → ''{{term|dach#Niemish|dachą}}'' ("day" dat.pl.)

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐍃#Gothic|uns]]'' → ''ųs'' ("us")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''{{term|į#Niemish|į́}}'' ("in")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunstiz#Proto-Germanic|*kunstiz]]'' → ''{{term|kųst#Niemish|kųst}}'' ("art")

*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą̀chor]]'' ("bucket")

After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes.

*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽#Gothic|*láuna]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''lonling'' → ''lǫlling''

This did not happen to geminated /n/:

*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹#Gothic|*kunja]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''kunnling'' ("relation, relative")

There was no compensatory gemination when the syllable with the nasal coda was unstressed, or in prefixes such as ''an-'', ''in-'', ''un-'':

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃#Gothic|unlustus]]'' → ''*unlust'' → ''{{term|ųlust#Niemish|ų̀lùst}}'' ("apathy, lethargy")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/unrehtaz#Proto-Germanic|*unrehtaz]]'' → ''*unriat'' → ''{{term|ųrat#Niemish|ų̀rát}}'' ("crooked, wrong")

/m/ was not lost (except in Westlandic), but experienced stop insertion much as in Post-Gothic:

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sumaraz#Proto-Germanic|*sumaraz]]'' → ''somar'' → ''{{term|sumbur#Niemish|súmbur}}''

Early medieval Niemish had forms such as ''somar'' and ''somor'', which developed into ''sǫwr'' in the Westlandic dialect. Presumably the /b/ was inserted into the definite form ''somran'', the /o/ lowered by the /mb/ to give ''sumbran'', and the /b/ later spread to all forms of the word by analogy. Likewise, the Westlandic form developed from ''somran'' → ''sǫwran'' in a sound change more akin to that described above for /n/ with similar analogical spreading.

Nasal vowels followed by a fricative in unstressed final syllables lost their nasalisation:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃#Gothic|tug̃gōns]]'' → Post-Got. ''*tug̃gūns'' → ''*tungǭs'' → ''{{term|tunga#Niemish|túngos}}'' ("tongues")

Nasals that formed the end of a root, as in ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃#Gothic|háims]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|aljan]]'' were either not lost or more likely restored by analogy with forms with inflectional endings; the Niemish descendants of these words are ''[[Contionary:ham|ham]]'' and ''[[Contionary:ällin|ällin]]''.

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽#Gothic|haúrn]]'' → ''{{term|hor#Niemish|hór}}'' ("horn")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|eisarn]]'' → ''{{term|iszar#Niemish|íszar}}'' ("iron")

The same sound shift also occurred in Luxembourgish ''[[wikt:Kar#Luxembourgish|Kar]]'' and [[w:Dalecarlian_language#Phonology|Dalecarlian Swedish dialects]]. A similar shift cannot be confirmed for Crimean Gothic ''[[wikt:kor#Crimean_Gothic|kor]]'' as the manuscript that records Crimean Gothic is likely riddled with typographic errors.

Niemish underwent drastic apocope of vowels - less strong than in Slavic languages, but stronger than in Scandinavian. In the process it generated new instances of /rn/:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐍂𐌰#Gothic|aran]]'' → ''{{term|arn#Niemish|árn}}'' ("eagle")

*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|*eisarn]][[wikt:-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃#Gothic|eins]]'' → ''{{term|iszarn#Niemish|íszarn}}'' ("made of iron")

====Loss of /θ/====

Medieval Niemish had two dental fricatives /θ, θʲ/. These became affricates at the beginning of a word and when geminated:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌸𐌿#Gothic|þū]]'' → Medieval Niemish ''t͡þu'' → ''ʦu'' → ''{{term|tzu#Niemish|tzú}}'' /t͡suː/ ("you, thou")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌹𐌸#Gothic|miþ]] [[wikt:𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰#Gothic|þamma]]'' → Medieval Niemish ''mett͡þam'' → ''meʦʦum'' → ''{{term|metzum#Niemish|mètzum}}'' /ˈmʲɛtt͡sʊm/ ("by the way")

*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/þrūbō|*þrūbô]]'' → ''{{term|trub#Niemish|trúb}}'' /truːb/ ("grapes")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃#Gothic|wiþrus]]'' → ''{{term|wittur#Niemish|wìttur}}'' /ˈvʲɪttʊr/ ("lamb")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰#Gothic|anþaramma]]'' → ''{{term|antur#Niemish|ántrum}}'' /ˈantrʊm/ ("to the other")

After a liquid consonant (and not followed by /r/), they were hardened to /d, dʲ/:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃#Gothic|tunþs]]'' → ''{{term|tund#Niemish|túnd}}'' /tund/ ("tooth")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸#Gothic|waírþ]]'' → ''{{term|ward#Niemish|wárd}}'' /ward/ ("worth")

====S-palatalisation====

Much like Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (and to an extent High German), Niemish changed Post-Gothic /s, z, t͡s/ to /ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ/ before /r, w/ and after /r, uː, iː/:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃#Gothic|swarts]]'' → ''[[Contionary:szwart#Niemish|szwárt]]'' ("black")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → ''{{term|waszor#Niemish|wàszor}}'' ("spring")

**P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barsaz#Proto-Germanic|*barsaz]]'' → ''[[Contionary:barsz#Niemish|bársz]]'' ("perch, a type of fish")

***Got. ''[[wikt:𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐍃|þaúrsus]]'' → Post-Got. ''þaurzus'' → ''{{term|tzorzsz#Niemish|tzórzsz}}'' ("thirsty")

****P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skurtijǭ#Proto-Germanic|*skurtijǭ]]'' → Post-Got. ''skaúrtjō'' → ''skaúrʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:skorcza#Niemish|skórcza]]'' ("apron")

*****Lat. ''[[wikt:Martius#Latin|Martius]]'' → Post-Got. ''marti'' → ''marʦ'' → ''[[Contionary:marcz#Niemish|márcz]]'' ("March")

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūs#Proto-Germanic|*mūs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:musz#Niemish|músz]]'' ("mouse")

**Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃#Gothic|*hūs]]'' → Post-Got. ''hūz'' → ''[[Contionary:huzsz#Niemish|húzsz]]'' ("house")

***Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' → Post-Got. ''meis'' → ''[[Contionary:mysz#Niemish|mýsz]]'' ("table")

This introduced a simple /ʃ/ sound in addition to the geminated /ʃʃ/ that arose with the prepalatal gemination.

S-palatalisation was blocked before plosives:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstw]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstu'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wórst}}'' ("deed, act")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}''

====Emergence of /ɨː/====

Long /iː/ (from Gothic ''ei'' and ''ē'') became ''y'' /ɨː/ when preceded by a labial or labialised consonant (/p, b, m, f, w, kʷ, gʷ, hʷ/) and not followed by a front vowel in the next syllable. Labialised velars and glottals were subsequently delabialised:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|peiks]]'' → ''{{term|pyk#Niemish|pýk}}''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|infeinan]]'' → ''ęfynon''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽#Gothic|wein]]'' → ''{{term|wyn#Niemish|wýn}}'' ("wine")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' → Post-Got. ''qeinō''¹ → ''kʷyna'' → ''[[Contionary:kyna#Niemish|kýna]]'' ("woman, wife")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃#Gothic|ƕeits]]'' → ''hʷyt'' → ''[[Contionary:hyt#Niemish|hýt]]'' ("white")

#At some point ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉#Gothic|qinō]]'' merged into one word.

As this sound change was blocked before palatalised consonants, all affected words gained umlaut pattern 2. (rarely umlaut pattern 1. in polysyllabic roots) if the stem alternated between hard and soft endings in flexional forms.

*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwalō#Proto-Germanic|*kwalō]]'' → ''{{term|pal#Niemish|pál}}'' ("pain")

*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ankwô#Proto-Germanic|*ankwô]]'' → ''{{term|amp#Niemish|ámp}}'' ("butter")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|sag̃gws]]'' → ''{{term|samb#Niemish|sámb}}'' ("song")

*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/hauwā#Proto-West_Germanic|*hawwǭ]]'' → Got. ''*haggwō'' → ''{{term|habba#Niemish|hàbba}}'' ("mattock")

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰#Gothic|*ƕass]]'' → ''{{term|fass#Niemish|fàss}}'' ("sharp")

After a stressed vowel, /p/ arising from /kʷ/ geminated:

*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nakwô#Proto-Germanic|*nakwô]]'' → ''{{term|napp#Niemish|nàpp}}'' ("riverboat")

Presumably the same would have happened to /b/ arising from /gʷ/, but ungeminated /gʷ/ did not occur after vowels in Gothic.

WHen /w/ followed any other consonant preceded by a stressed vowel, it elided, causing the consonant to geminate in compensation (unless this consonant could not occur as a geminate in Niemish, in wich case the /w/ simply elided):

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍅𐍉#Gothic|gatwō]]'' → ''{{term|gatta#Niemish|gàtta}}'' ("street")

A limited form of the [[w:Boukólos_rule|''Boukulos'' rule]] came into effect, where /wɔ, wo, wu/ immediately after an initial consonant delabialised:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐍅𐍉𐍃#Gothic|twōs]]'' → ''{{term|twa#Niemish|tú}}'' ("two" fem.)

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃#Gothic|wulfs]]'' → ''{{term|wulch#Niemish|wúlch}}'' ("wolf"), not ''*úlch''

====Depalatalisation of labials and /r/====