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|name = Niemish
|name = Niemish
|nativename = Nimsk
|nativename = Nimsk
|pronunciation = /nʲimsk/
|pronunciation = nʲimsk
|creator = [[User:Tardigrade]]
|creator = User:Tardigrade
 
</small>
|created = 2015
|created = 2015
|setting =  
|setting =  
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
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| ([[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]) ⟨dsz⟩
| ([[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]) ⟨dsz⟩
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]
! rowspan="3" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Spirant]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
! rowspan=2 | {{small|voiceless}}
| [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ || fʲ ⟨fj⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ || rowspan=2 | fʲ ⟨fj⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|θ]] ⟨th⟩ || [[w:Voiceless dental sibilant|θʲ]] ⟨thj⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|ʃ]] ⟨sz⟩
| rowspan=2 | xʲ ⟨chj⟩ || rowspan=2 | [[w:/x/|x]] ⟨ch⟩
| rowspan=2 | [[w:/h/|h]] ⟨h⟩
|-
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|s̪]] ⟨s⟩ || [[w:Voiceless dental sibilant|sʲ]] ⟨sj⟩
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_sibilant|s̪]] ⟨s⟩ || [[w:Voiceless dental sibilant|sʲ]] ⟨sj⟩
| [[w:Voiced_postalveolar_fricative|ʃ]] ⟨sz⟩
| xʲ ⟨chj⟩ || [[w:/x/|x]] ⟨ch⟩
| [[w:/h/|h]] ⟨h⟩
|-
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
! {{small|voiced}}
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| /ɛ, eː/  
| /ɛ, eː/  
!  
!  
| ⟨be⟩ || ⟨je⟩ || ⟨hä⟩ || ⟨e⟩  
| ⟨be⟩ || ⟨je⟩ || ⟨he⟩ || ⟨e⟩  
|-
|-
| /ə, ɨː/ || ⟨by⟩  
| /ə, ɨː/ || ⟨by⟩  
Line 1,390: Line 1,389:
===Wulfilan Gothic to Post-Gothic===
===Wulfilan Gothic to Post-Gothic===
====Vowels====
====Vowels====
Wulfilan Gothic had three (in some analyses five) short vowels and seven long vowels. The short vowels were maintained in Post-Gothic and ''ē'' merged with ''ei'':
Wulfilan Gothic had five (in some analyses three) short vowels and seven long vowels. The short vowels were maintained in Post-Gothic and ''ē'' merged with ''ei'':
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' /eː/ → Post-Got. ''meis'' /iː/
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' /eː/ → Post-Got. ''meis'' /iː/
Wulfilan Gothic already showed signs of merging ''ē'' with ''ei'' attested in variant spellings such as ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄#Gothic|akeit]]'' for ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄#Gothic|akēt]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|leikeis]]'' for ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|lēkeis]]''. In Post-Gothic this merger was complete.
Wulfilan Gothic may have already started to merge ''ē'' with ''ei'', suggested by variant spellings such as ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄#Gothic|akeit]]'' for ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍄#Gothic|akēt]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|leikeis]]'' for ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|lēkeis]]''. In Post-Gothic this merger was complete.


Syllable-final ''h'' /h/ was lost with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel:
Syllable-final ''h'' /h/ was lost with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel:
Line 1,436: Line 1,435:


*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰#Gothic|*platja]]'' → ''*plattsa'' → ''[[Contionary:platz#Niemish|plàtz]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰#Gothic|*platja]]'' → ''*plattsa'' → ''[[Contionary:platz#Niemish|plàtz]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' → ''*daddzan'' → ''dazond''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' → ''*daddzan'' → ''dazond''
 
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|skaþjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''skadjan'' → ''*skaddzan'' → ''skazond''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|skaþjan]]'' → ''*skæþþjan'' → ''*skættjan'' → ''skaczond''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|báidjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''báiþjan'' → ''*bēþþjan'' → ''*bēttjan'' → ''beczond''
 
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|láisjan]]'' → ''*lēʃʃan'' → ''leszond''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|láisjan]]'' → ''*lēʃʃan'' → ''leszond''
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|aíkkleizjō]]'' → ''*klīʒʒō'' → ''[[Contionary:klizsza#Niemish|klízsza]]''
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|aíkkleizjō]]'' → ''*klīʒʒō'' → ''[[Contionary:klizsza#Niemish|klízsza]]''


The prepalatal gemination was a very early sound change, likely beginning in late Post-Gothic itself. The coronal palatalisation is also found in early Romance and what little is attested of the closely related [[w:Vandalic_language|Vandalic language]].
The prepalatal gemination was a very early sound change, likely beginning in late Post-Gothic itself. The coronal palatalisation is also found in early Romance and what little is attested of the closely related [[w:Vandalic_language|Vandalic language]].


It is thought that ''dj'' initially became */ddz/ before /z/, both because it patterns with ''tj'' → /tts/ and because Gothic ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazond''; had degeminated /z/ arisen in the Post-Gothic period, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasond''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.
It is thought that ''dj'' initially became */ddz/ before (after the Post-Gothic period had ceased) /z/, both because it patterns with ''tj'' → /tts/ and because Gothic ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazond''. Had degeminated /z/ arisen in Post-Gothic, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasond''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.


The voiceless fricative ''þj'' was stopped to /tj/ later, during the Middle Niemish period.
The voiceless fricative ''þj'' was stopped to /tj/ later, during the Middle Niemish period.
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*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃#Gothic|sitls]]'' → ''[[Contionary:sittil#Niemish|sìttil]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃#Gothic|sitls]]'' → ''[[Contionary:sittil#Niemish|sìttil]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃#Gothic|táikn]]'' → ''[[Contionary:tzakken#Niemish|tzàkken]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃#Gothic|táikn]]'' → ''[[Contionary:tzakken#Niemish|tzàkken]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃#Gothic|akrs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:akker#Niemish|àkker]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃#Gothic|akrs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:akkur#Niemish|àkkur]]''


Other consonants did not:
Other consonants did not:
*Lat. ''[[wikt:tabla#Latin|tabla]]'' → ''tabol''<ref name="tabul">''tabol'' is no longer extant in Niemish, although the dual definite form ''{{term|Tabla#Niemish|Tabla}}'' is still used as a name for the game Backgammon.</ref>
*Lat. ''[[wikt:tabla#Latin|tabla]]'' → ''tabol''<ref name="tabul">''tabol'' is no longer extant in Niemish, although the dual definite form ''{{term|Tabla#Niemish|Tabla}}'' is still used as a name for the game Backgammon.</ref>
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂#Gothic|fōdr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:fudor#Niemish|fúdor]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂#Gothic|fōdr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:fudor#Niemish|fúdor]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''[[Contionary:bachom#Niemish|báchom]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''[[Contionary:bachum#Niemish|báchum]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:tagor#Niemish|tágor]]''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:tagur#Niemish|tágur]]''
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → ''[[Contionary:waszor#Niemish|wàszor]]''
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → ''[[Contionary:waszur#Niemish|wàszur]]''


====Epenthesis====
====Epenthesis====
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Otherwise:
Otherwise:
* ''u'' before syllabic ''l'', ''m'', or ''r'' in masculine words:
* ''u'' before syllabic ''l'', ''m'', or ''r'' in masculine words:
**P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz#Proto-Germanic|*aplaz]]'' → ''[[Contionary:appul#Niemish|àppul]]''
**P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz#Proto-Germanic|*aplaz]]'' → ''[[Contionary:appol#Niemish|àppol]]''
** Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''[[Contionary:bachum#Niemish|báchum]]''
** Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''[[Contionary:bachum#Niemish|báchum]]''
**Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:tagur#Niemish|tágur]]''
**Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''[[Contionary:tagur#Niemish|tágur]]''
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The second umlaut affected Post-Gothic long ''ái'' and ''ei'' slightly differently. When followed by a plain consonant (or when not followed by a front vowel in the following syllable in the ''second umlaut first hypothesis'') , ''ái'' [ɛː] was broken to first [jɛ] then lowered to [ja], and ''ei'' [[Niemish#Emergence_of_/ɨː/|was lowered to /ɨː/]]:
The second umlaut affected Post-Gothic long ''ái'' and ''ei'' slightly differently. When followed by a plain consonant (or when not followed by a front vowel in the following syllable in the ''second umlaut first hypothesis'') , ''ái'' [ɛː] was broken to first [jɛ] then lowered to [ja], and ''ei'' [[Niemish#Emergence_of_/ɨː/|was lowered to /ɨː/]]:


Second umlaut was unable to occur in ja- or ju-stem nouns, and only occured in the singular of i- and u-stems. '''This gave rise to the three stems all Niemish masculine nouns belong to: ''hard'' (a-stems), ''soft'' (ja- and u-stems) and ''mixed'' (i- and u-stems).'''
Second umlaut was unable to occur in ja- or ju-stem nouns, and only occured in the singular of i- and u-stems. '''This gave rise to the three stems all Niemish masculine nouns belong to: ''hard'' (a-stems), ''soft'' (ja- and ju-stems) and ''mixed'' (i- and u-stems).'''


Feminine nouns either underwent the second umlaut in all inflected forms (jō-, jōn- and ein-stems) or not at all (all others). Thus as with first umlaut, vowel alternations due to second umlaut do not occur in feminine nouns. Note that ''ái'' [ɛː] is not considered a front vowel for the purposes of second umlaut; the umlaut was also predicated on vowel height and ''ái'' as a low vowel could trigger second umlaut:
Feminine nouns either underwent the second umlaut in all inflected forms (jō-, jōn- and ein-stems) or not at all (all others). Thus as with first umlaut, vowel alternations due to second umlaut do not occur in feminine nouns. Note that ''ái'' [ɛː] is not considered a front vowel for the purposes of second umlaut; the umlaut was also predicated on vowel height and ''ái'' as a low vowel could trigger second umlaut:
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*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''{{term|į#Niemish|į́}}'' ("in")
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''{{term|į#Niemish|į́}}'' ("in")
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunstiz#Proto-Germanic|*kunstiz]]'' → ''{{term|kųst#Niemish|kųst}}'' ("art")
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunstiz#Proto-Germanic|*kunstiz]]'' → ''{{term|kųst#Niemish|kųst}}'' ("art")
*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą̀chor]]'' ("bucket")
*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''*amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą́chor]]'' ("bucket")


After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes.
After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes.


Subsequently, simple /n/ was lost before liquid consonants /l, m, r/ with compensatory gemination of the liquid consonant:
Subsequently, simple /n/ was lost before liquid consonants /l, m, r/ with compensatory gemination of the liquid consonant:
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽#Gothic|*láuna]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''lonling'' → ''lǫlling''
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽#Gothic|*láuna]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''lonling'' → ''lǫlling'' ("small change, petty cash")


This did not happen to geminated /n/:
This did not happen to geminated /n/:
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹#Gothic|*kunja]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''kunnling'' ("relation, relative")
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹#Gothic|*kunnja]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''kunnling'' ("relation, relative")


There was no compensatory gemination when the syllable with the nasal coda was unstressed, or in prefixes such as ''an-'', ''in-'', ''un-'':
There was no compensatory gemination when the syllable with the nasal coda was unstressed, or in prefixes such as ''an-'', ''in-'', ''un-'':
Line 1,661: Line 1,657:
****P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skurtijǭ#Proto-Germanic|*skurtijǭ]]'' → Post-Got. ''skaúrtjō'' → ''skaúrʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:skorcza#Niemish|skórcza]]'' ("apron")
****P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skurtijǭ#Proto-Germanic|*skurtijǭ]]'' → Post-Got. ''skaúrtjō'' → ''skaúrʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:skorcza#Niemish|skórcza]]'' ("apron")
*****Lat. ''[[wikt:Martius#Latin|Martius]]'' → Post-Got. ''marti'' → ''marʦ'' → ''[[Contionary:marcz#Niemish|márcz]]'' ("March")
*****Lat. ''[[wikt:Martius#Latin|Martius]]'' → Post-Got. ''marti'' → ''marʦ'' → ''[[Contionary:marcz#Niemish|márcz]]'' ("March")
******Grk. ''[[wikt:χαρτί#Greek|χαρτία]]'' → Post-Got. ''hartjō'' → ''harʦō'' → ''[[Contionary:harcza#Niemish|hárcza]]'' ("paper")
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūs#Proto-Germanic|*mūs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:musz#Niemish|músz]]'' ("mouse")
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūs#Proto-Germanic|*mūs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:musz#Niemish|músz]]'' ("mouse")
**Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃#Gothic|*hūs]]''  → Post-Got. ''hūz'' → ''[[Contionary:huzsz#Niemish|húzsz]]'' ("house")
**Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃#Gothic|*hūs]]''  → Post-Got. ''hūz'' → ''[[Contionary:huzsz#Niemish|húzsz]]'' ("house")
Line 1,669: Line 1,666:
In addition, /t, d/ became /t͡s, z/ before /w/:
In addition, /t, d/ became /t͡s, z/ before /w/:
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻#Gothic|tweifls]]'' → Post-Got. ''tweibls'' → ''[[Contionary:tzwybol#Niemish|tzwýbol]]'' ("doubt")
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻#Gothic|tweifls]]'' → Post-Got. ''tweibls'' → ''[[Contionary:tzwybol#Niemish|tzwýbol]]'' ("doubt")
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwergaz#Proto-Germanic|*dwergaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''dwaírχs'' → ''{{term|zwiarch#Niemish|zwiárch}}'' ("dwarf")
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍃#Gothic|dwals]]'' → ''[[Contionary:zwal#Niemish|zwál]]'' ("stupid")


Much Slavic vocabulary such as ''{{term|twarag#Niemish|twárag}}'' ("quark") was loaned after the S-palatalisation was no longer in operation. The native word ''{{term|twa#Niemish|twá}}'' ("two") was unaffected by the shift, possibly because of analogical levelling with the feminine form, ''tú''.
Much Slavic vocabulary such as ''{{term|twarag#Niemish|twárag}}'' ("quark") was loaned after the S-palatalisation was no longer in operation. The native word ''{{term|twa#Niemish|twá}}'' ("two") was unaffected by the shift, possibly because of analogical levelling with the feminine form, ''tú''.
Line 1,676: Line 1,673:
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstw]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstu'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wórst}}'' ("deed, act")
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstw]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstu'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wórst}}'' ("deed, act")
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}''
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}''
Nonetheless, later /s, z/ were palatalised to /ʃ, ʒ/ in sibilant+palatalised consonant clusters:
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spiltaz#Proto-Germanic|*spiltaz]]'' → ''{{term|spilt#Niemish|spílt}}'' /ʃpʲilt/ ("spelt, emmer")
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/strīdaz#Proto-Germanic|*strīdaz]]'' → ''{{term|strid#Niemish|stríd}}'' /ʃtrʲid/ ("battle")
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstwis]] [[wikt:𐌸𐌹𐍃#Gothic|þis]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstáus þis'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wúrstes}}'' /ˈwurʃtʲɪs/ ("of the deed")
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwergaz#Proto-Germanic|*dwergaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''dwaírχs'' → ''{{term|zwiarch#Niemish|zwiárch}}'' /ʒvʲarx/ ("dwarf, gnome")


====Emergence of /ɨː/====
====Emergence of /ɨː/====
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