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Norþimris: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Morphology=== | ===Morphology=== | ||
====Articles==== | |||
The indefinite article is identical to English: ''a'' before a consonant and ''an'' before a vowel (e.g. ''a man'', ''an apel''). | |||
The definite article is '''t'' in all cases (e.g.'' 't man'','' 't apel''). | |||
Nouns | ====Nouns==== | ||
Nouns have no grammatical gender and case is limited to the genitive. | |||
-- | The plural of most nouns ends in ''-s'', or ''-es'' after a sibilant (e.g. ''apels'', ''huuses''). A few nouns have a rare plural in ''-en'' or ''-er'' (e.g. ''een'' 'eyes', ''ousen'' 'oxen', ''sceon'' 'shoes', ''lamer'' 'lambs', ''caufer'' 'calves', ''childer'' 'children'). There is also a small number of nouns with a change of vowel in the plural: ''man'' 'man' → ''men'', ''wiman'' 'woman' → ''wimen'', ''hand'' 'hand' → ''hend'', ''teoþ'' 'tooth' → ''teeþ'', ''feot'' 'foot' → ''feet'', ''geoṡ'' 'goose' → ''geeṡ'', ''muuṡ'' 'mouse' → ''miys'', ''cuu'' 'cow' → ''ciy''. | ||
The '''genitive''' has two forms: | |||
* the dependent genitive is used directly before a noun or noun phrase and is unmarked (e.g. '''t man huuṡ'' 'the man's house', ''his faðer sun'' 'his father's son'). | |||
* the independent genitive usually occurs as the complement in a copular construction and is marked with ''-s'' (''-es'' after a sibilant; e.g. '''t huuṡ is Cetels'' 'the house is Cetel's', ''ðat 's his faðers'' 'that's his fathers'). | |||
====Adjectives==== | |||
Adjectives precede the noun they qualify and are generally immutable, regardless of number or case (e.g. ''a micel hund'' 'a big dog', '''t hwiyt deors'' 'the white doors'). | |||
All regular adjectives may form a comparative with the addition of ''-ar'' and a superlative with ''-ast'' (e.g. ''aud'' 'old' → ''audar, audast'', ''healie'' 'holy' → ''healiar, healiast''). | |||
The following are compared irregularly: ''il'' 'bad' → ''wer/werṡ, werst''; ''geod'' 'good' → ''beter, best''; ''micel'' 'large' → ''mear/mea, meast''; ''liytel/liyl'' 'small' → ''leeṡ, leest''. | |||
====Numerals==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 70px; "| | |||
! style="width: 150px;" |Cardinal | |||
! style="width: 150px;" |Ordinal | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
| ''ean'' | |||
| ''first'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2 | |||
| ''twea'' | |||
| ''anar'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| ''þree'' | |||
| ''þird'' | |||
|- | |||
| 4 | |||
| ''four'' | |||
| ''ferd'' | |||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| ''fiyf'' | |||
| ''fift'' | |||
|- | |||
| 6 | |||
| ''sex'' | |||
| ''sext'' | |||
|- | |||
| 7 | |||
| ''sefen'' | |||
| ''sefend'' | |||
|- | |||
| 8 | |||
| ''auht'' | |||
| ''auhted'' | |||
|- | |||
| 9 | |||
| ''niyn'' | |||
| ''niynd'' | |||
|- | |||
| 10 | |||
| ''tein'' | |||
| ''tend'' | |||
|- | |||
| 11 | |||
| ''elefen'' | |||
| ''eleft'' | |||
|- | |||
| 12 | |||
| ''twelf'' | |||
| ''twelft'' | |||
|- | |||
| 13 | |||
| ''þretein'' | |||
| ''þreteind'' | |||
|- | |||
| 14 | |||
| ''fourtein'' | |||
| ''fourteind'' | |||
|- | |||
| 15 | |||
| ''fiftein'' | |||
| ''fifteind'' | |||
|- | |||
| 20 | |||
| ''twentie'' | |||
| ''twentiand'' | |||
|- | |||
| 21 | |||
| ''ean an twentie'' | |||
| ''ean an twentiand'' | |||
|- | |||
| 30 | |||
| ''þritie'' | |||
| ''þritiand'' | |||
|- | |||
| 40 | |||
| ''fourtie'' | |||
| ''fourtiand'' | |||
|- | |||
| 50 | |||
| ''fiftie'' | |||
| ''fiftiand'' | |||
|- | |||
| 100 | |||
| ''hunreþ'' | |||
| ''hunreþd'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1000 | |||
| ''þuusan'' | |||
| ''þuusand'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1,000,000 | |||
| ''milyoon'' | |||
| ''milyoond'' | |||
|} | |||
====Pronouns==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 70px; "| | |||
! colspan="2" |Subject | |||
! colspan="2" |Object | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Unstressed | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Stressed | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Unstressed | |||
! style="width: 100px" | Stressed | |||
|- | |||
| 1sg | |||
| ''i'' | |||
| ''ic'' | |||
| ''mi'' | |||
| ''mie'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2sg | |||
| ''ðu, -tu'' | |||
| ''ðuu'' | |||
| ''ði'' | |||
| ''ðie'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3sg m. | |||
| ''hi'' | |||
| ''hie'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''him'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3sg f. | |||
| ''scu'' | |||
| ''sceo'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''her'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3sg n. | |||
| colspan="4" | ''hit'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1pl | |||
| ''wi'' | |||
| ''wie'' | |||
| ''us'' | |||
| ''uus'' | |||
|- | |||
| 2pl | |||
| ''yi'' | |||
| ''yie'' | |||
| ''yu'' | |||
| ''yuu'' | |||
|- | |||
| 3pl | |||
| colspan="2" | ''ðey'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''ðam'' | |||
|} | |||
Several of the personal pronouns have different stressed and unstressed forms. The stressed forms are only used in speech and writing when particular emphasis is put on the pronoun, such as when they occur independently (e.g. ''ic leof him'' ''''I''' love him', ''hwea didd ðat? Yuu'' 'who did that? '''You'''') . Elsewhere, the unstressed forms are used (e.g. ''hi wuns in Yoruc'' 'he lives in York'). | |||
Notes: | |||
* the 2nd person singular ''-tu'' is an enclitic form used with interrogative verbs (e.g. ''censtu Cetel?'' 'do you know Cetel?'). | |||
* the 3rd person singular forms ''him, her'' and ''hit'' are pronounced without the ''h'' in unstressed position, but this is not expressed in writing. | |||
* as in English, 'hi/hie' are used for male humans, ''scu/sceo'' for females and ''hit'' for inanimate objects. | |||
* Norþimris maintains a T/V distinction, in which 2nd person plural ''yie'' etc. can be used as formal 'you' when addressing a single person. Its use is generally more restricted than in many European languages, only used in particularly formal situations and not necessarily expected when speaking to elders or strangers. | |||
* there is an informal use of ''us/uus'' in place of ''mi/mie'' (e.g. ''gie us hit'' 'give me it'). | |||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||