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Comparative Semitology has benefit greatly from this unusual cross-pollination of ancient languages.  The ancient scholars who helped retain the linguistic character of the diverse people in Southeast Asia brought in many elements of extra-Canaanite language, apparently from Ugaritic and Old South Arabic (not actually related to Arabic).  For our purposes, the parent language of AH is "Paleo-Hebrew", which subsequently developed in the Levant into "Biblical Hebrew".  We recognize that the pointing system (Niqqud) of the Masoretes is a later invention, and that even the consonantal text transmitted in the MT has been subject to later revision, but it remains a useful point of departure since so much of what we have in AH is Biblical texts.
Comparative Semitology has benefit greatly from this unusual cross-pollination of ancient languages.  The ancient scholars who helped retain the linguistic character of the diverse people in Southeast Asia brought in many elements of extra-Canaanite language, apparently from Ugaritic and Old South Arabic (not actually related to Arabic).  For our purposes, the parent language of AH is "Paleo-Hebrew", which subsequently developed in the Levant into "Biblical Hebrew".  We recognize that the pointing system (Niqqud) of the Masoretes is a later invention, and that even the consonantal text transmitted in the MT has been subject to later revision, but it remains a useful point of departure since so much of what we have in AH is Biblical texts.


[[Category:Language]]
== Writing Systems ==
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:120%"
! | Proto-Semitic
! | IPA
! | Akkadian
! colspan="2" | Ugaritic
! colspan="2" | Phoenician
! colspan="2" | "Hebrew"
! colspan="2" | Aramaic
! colspan="2" | OSA
! colspan="2" | [[Austronesian Hebrew|AH]]
! colspan="2" | [[Polynesian Hebrew|PH]]
|-
! *b
! {{IPA|b}}
| ''b''
| 𐎁 || ''b''
| 𐤁  || ''b''
| ב || b
| 𐡁 || v
| 𐩨 || {{IPA|/b/}}
| 𐨦 || ''b''
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | P
| ''p''
|-
! *p
! {{IPA|p}}
| ''p''
| 𐎔 || ''p''
| 𐤐 || ''p''
| פ || p
| 𐡐 || f
| 𐩰 || {{IPA|/f/}}
| 𐨤 || ''p''
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | F
| ''ɸ''
|-
! *d
! {{IPA|d}}
| ''d''
| 𐎄 || ''d''
| 𐤃 || ''d''
| ד || d
| 𐡃 || ð
| 𐩵 || {{IPA|/d/}}
| 𐨡 || ''d''
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" rowspan="2" | T || rowspan="2" | ''t''
|-
! *t
! {{IPA|t}}
| ''t''
| 𐎚 || ''t''
| 𐤕 || ''t''
| ת || t
| 𐡕 || θ
| 𐩩 || {{IPA|/t/}}
| 𐨠/𐨝 || ''t''
|-
! *ṭ
! {{IPA|tʼ}}
| ''ṭ''
| 𐎉 || ''ṭ''
| 𐤈 || ''ṭ''
| ט || ṭ
| 𐡈 || ṭ
| 𐩷 || {{IPA|/tʼ/}}
| 𐨭 || c
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || rowspan="2" valign="center" | -
|-
! *ḳ
! {{IPA|kʼ}}
| ''q''
| 𐎖 || ''q''
| 𐤒 || ''q''
| ק || q
| 𐡒 || q
| 𐩤 || {{IPA|/kʼ/}}
| 𐨑 || ''q''
|-
! *k
! {{IPA|k}}
| ''k''
| 𐎋 || ''k''
| 𐤊 || ''k''
| כ || k
| 𐡊 || χ
| 𐩫 || {{IPA|/k/}}
| 𐨐 || ''k''
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" rowspan="2" | K
| rowspan="2" | ''k''
|-
! *g
! {{IPA|ɡ}}
| ''g''
| 𐎂 || ''g''
| 𐤂 || ''g''
| ג || g
| 𐡂 || ɣ
| 𐩴 || {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| 𐨒 || ''g''
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="17"|
|-
! *ḏ
! {{IPA|ð}}
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ''z''
| 𐎏 || ''ḏ''
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| 𐤆
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ''z''
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ז
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| z
| 𐡃/𐡆
| ''ḏ''
| 𐩹 || ð
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨰 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''z''
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family: NewMaori;" | T R H || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''t/r/h''
|-
! *z
! {{IPA|z}}
| 𐎇 || ''z''
| 𐡆 || z
| 𐩸 || z
|-
! *s
! {{IPA|s}}
| ''s''
| 𐎒 || ''s''
| 𐤎 || ''s''
| ס || s
| 𐡎 || s
| 𐩪 || {{IPA|/s/}}
| 𐨯 || ''s''
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | H || ''h''
|-
! *ṯ
! {{IPA|θ}}
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''š''
| 𐎘 || ''ṯ''
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| 𐤔  || rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''š''
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| שׁ  || rowspan="2" valign="center"| š
| 𐡕/𐡔  || ''ṯ''
| 𐩻 || ''ṯ''
| 𐨠/𐨝 || t
| style="font-family: NewMaori;" | T
| t
|-
! *š
! {{IPA|ʃ}}
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐎌 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''š''
| 𐡔 || š
| 𐩯 || ś
| rowspan="3" valign="center" | 𐨮 || rowspan="3" valign="center" | ŋ
| rowspan="3" valign="center" style="font-family: NewMaori;" | G
| rowspan="3" valign="center" | ŋ
|-
! *ś
! {{IPA|ɬ}}
| שׂ || ''ś''
| 𐡔/𐡎  || ''ś''
| 𐩦 || ɬ
|-
! *ṣ́
! {{IPA|ɬʼ}}
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''ṣ''
| rowspan="2" | 𐎕 || rowspan="2" | ''ṣ''
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| 𐤑 || rowspan="3" valign="center"| ṣ
| rowspan="3" valign="center"| צ || rowspan="3" valign="center"| ''ṣ''
| 𐡏/𐡒  || ''*ġʼ ''
| 𐩳 || {{IPA|/ɬʼ/}}
|-
! *ṣ
! {{IPA|sʼ}}
| 𐡑  || ṣ
| 𐩮 || ṣ
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨭 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''c''
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || rowspan="2" valign="center" | -
|-
! *ṱ
! {{IPA|θʼ}}
| 𐎑 || ''ẓ''
| 𐡑/𐡈 || ''ṯʼ ''
| 𐩼 || ''ṯʼ ''
|-
! | Proto-Semitic
! | IPA
! | Akk.
! colspan="2" | Ugaritic
! colspan="2" | Phoen.
! colspan="2" | "Hebrew"
! colspan="2" | Aramaic
! colspan="2" | OSA
! colspan="2" | AH
! colspan="2" | PH
|-
! *ġ
! {{IPA|ʁ}}
| -<sup>5</sup>
| 𐎙 || ''ġ''
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| 𐤏 || rowspan="2" valign="center"| ''/ʕ/''
| rowspan="2" valign="center"| ע || rowspan="2" valign="center"| ʻ
| 𐡏<sup>1</sup> || ''ġ''
| 𐩶 || {{IPA|ʁ}}
| 𐨪 || ''r''
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | R || ''r''
|-
! *ʻ
! {{IPA|ʕ}}
| -<sup>4</sup>
| 𐎓 || ʻ
| 𐡏<sup>2</sup> || '' ʻ ''
| 𐩲 || '' ʻ ''
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨀 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''ʔ/-''
| rowspan="5" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || rowspan="5" valign="center" | -
|-
! *ʼ
! {{IPA|ʔ}}
| -<sup>1</sup>
| 𐎀/𐎛/𐎜 || '' ' ''
| 𐤀 || ''/ʔ/''
| א  || ʼ
| 𐡀  || ʼ
| አ  || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|-
! *h
! {{IPA|h}}
| -<sup>2</sup>
| 𐎅 || ''h''
| 𐤄 || ''h''
| ה || h
| 𐡄 || h
| 𐩠 || {{IPA|/h/}}
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐨛/𐨱 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''h''
|-
! *ḥ
! {{IPA|ħ}}
| -<sup>3</sup>
| 𐎈 || ''ḥ''
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | 𐤇 || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''ḥ''
| rowspan="2" valign="center" | ח || rowspan="2" valign="center" | ''ḥ''
| 𐡇<sup>1</sup> || ḥ
| 𐩢 || {{IPA|/ħ/}}
|-
! *ḫ
! {{IPA|χ}}
| ''ḫ''
| 𐎃 || ''ḫ''
| 𐡇<sup>2</sup> || ''ḫ''
| 𐩭 || {{IPA|/χ/}}
| 𐨑 || ''q''
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="17"|
|-
! *m
! {{IPA|m}}
| ''m''
| 𐎎 || ''m''
| 𐤌 || ''m''
| מ || m
| 𐡌 || m
| 𐩣 || {{IPA|/m/}}
| 𐨨 || ''m''
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | M || ''m''
|-
! *n
! {{IPA|n}}
| ''n''
| 𐎐|| ''n''
| 𐤍 || ''n''
| נ || n
| 𐡍/𐡓 || n/r
| 𐩬 || {{IPA|/n/}}
| 𐨣 || ''n''
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | N || ''n''
|-
! *r
! {{IPA|ɾ}}
| ''r''
| 𐎗 || ''r''
| 𐤓 || ''r''
| ר || r
| 𐡓 || r
| 𐩧 || {{IPA|/r/}}
| 𐨪  ||  ''r''
| rowspan="2" valign="center" style="font-family:NewMaori;" | R || rowspan="2" valign="center" | r
|-
! *l
! {{IPA|l}}
| ''l''
| 𐎍 || ''l''
| 𐤋 || ''l''
| ל || l
| 𐡋 || l
| 𐩡 || {{IPA|/l/}}
| 𐨫 ||  ''l''
|-
! *w
! {{IPA|w}}
| ''w''/-<sup>6</sup>
| 𐎆 || ''w''
| 𐤅 || ''w''
| ו || w
| 𐡅 || w
| 𐩥 || {{IPA|/w/}}
| 𐨬 || ''w''
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | V || ''w''
|-
! *y
! {{IPA|j}}
| ''y''/-<sup>7</sup>
| 𐎊 || ''y''
| 𐤉 || ''y''
| י || y
| 𐡉 || y
| 𐩺 || {{IPA|/j/}}
| 𐨩 || ''y''
| style="font-family:NewMaori;" | / || -
|-
! | Proto-Semitic
! | IPA
! | Akk.
! colspan="2" | Ugaritic
! colspan="2" | Phoen.
! colspan="2" | "Hebrew"
! colspan="2" | Aramaic
! colspan="2" | OSA
! colspan="2" | AH
! colspan="2" | PH
|-
|}
 
== Grand Master Plan ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; float:right; width:10em;"
! PS
! *
! PH
! AH
! >
! PH
|-
! ʕ
| ע
| ʕ
| ʔ
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø
|-
! ʔ
| א
| ø
| ø
|-
! p
| פ
| p
| p
| f
| ɸ
|-
! b
| ב
| b
| b
| p
| p
|-
! t
| ת
| t
| t
| rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| t
| rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| t
|-
! d
| ד
| d
| d
|-
! k
| כ
| k
| k
| rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;" | k
| rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;" | k
|-
! g
| ג
| g
| g
|-
! k'
| ק
| q
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | q
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ʔ
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø
|-
! χ
| ח
| χ
|-
! m
| מ
| m
| m
| m
| m
|-
! n
| נ
| n/**
| n/**
| n
| n
|-
! ɬ
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ש
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɬ/ʃ*
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ŋ
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ŋ
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ŋ
|-
! ɬʼ
|-
! θ
| t
| t
| t
|-
! t'
| ט
| ṭ
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ts
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | h
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø
|-
! s'
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | צ
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | s'
|-
! θ'
|-
! s
| ס
| s
| s
| s
| h
|-
! z
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ז
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | z
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɟ͡ʝ
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ?
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | t/r/h
|-
! ð
|-
! l
| ל
| l
| l
| l
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɾ
|-
! r
| ר
| r
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | r
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | r
|-
! ʁ
| ע
| ʁ
|-
! w
| ו
| w/y*
| w
| w
| w
|-
! y
| י
| y/h
| y
| ø/i*
| ø
|-
! h
| ה
| h
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | h
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ø
|-
! ħ
| ח
| ħ
|}
 
==== PS to PH ====
Proto-Semitic had an enormous number of consonants, several of whom survived in Old South Arabic, but did not make it into Paleo-Hebrew. 
 
==== PH to AH ====
From Paleo-Hebrew to AH, the major changes are
* sin/šin to ng
* ḥet could be h or q, since it was a homograph
* `ayin usually turned into plain a, but word-initially it became the glottal stop + a.  It could also be r
* z became s
* n continued to assimilate into gemination a lot of the time
 
==== AH to ... ====
* h dropped off to nothing
* yod became the vowel i or nothing
* ts became h
* n stopped assimilating
* the glottal stop fell away
* q became the glottal stop
* p became f (lenition)
* '''Devoicing'''
** d became t
** g became k
** b became p
 
==== ... to PH ====
* f became that Māori thing
* h went away
* s became h
* r and l fused into the Asian r
 
 
<br clear="both" />
 
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle; float:left"
! colspan="2" | TH
| <
! PH
! AH
| >
! PH
|-
| pre-tonic || '''ə'''
| a
| a
|-
| pre-tonic || '''ə'''
| u
| u
|-
| pro-pretonic || '''ə'''
| a
| a
|-
| tonic || əC'''ī'''
| aCy
| aCyV
|-
| pro-pretonic || '''i'''
| ǔ
| u
|-
| pretonic || '''i'''
| i
| i
|-
| tonic || '''ī'''
| ī
| ī
|-
| tonic || '''i'''
| uy
| iwyV
|-
| pretonic || '''o'''
| ō
| u
|-
| tonic || '''ō'''C
| ōC
| ō
|-
| tonic || '''o''' 
| u
| u
|-
| tonic || '''ā'''
| ā
| a
|-
| tonic || '''â'''
| ay
| áya
|-
| pretonic || '''a'''
| ā
| a
|-
| tonic || '''ē'''C
| ēC
| i
|-
| pre-tonic || '''ē'''C
| ēC
| i
|-
| tonic || '''ē'''
| ē
| ayV
|-
| post-tonic || '''e'''
| ø
| ø
|-
| tonic || '''ū'''/û
| ū
| ū/uw
|-
| tonic || '''û'''
| û
| iw
|-
| segolate || '''e'''/ē
| a
| a
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right"
! colspan="2" | PS
! colspan="2" | PH
! colspan="2" | BH
! colspan="3" | TH
|
|-
! Short || Long
! Short || Long
! Short || Long
! Reduced || Short || Long
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | i
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ī/ē
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | i
| ī/î
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | i
| ī/î
| rowspan="9" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ә <br /> <br />  ĭ <br /> ă <br /> ĕ <br /> ŏ <br /> ŭ
| i
| ī/î
! ḥîreq
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē/ê
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | e
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ē/ê
! ṣērê
|-
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a/e
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
! sĕgōl
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | â, ā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ā
! pataḥ
|-
! qāmeṣ
|-
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/o/ʊ
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/ō
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/o/ʊ
| ō
| rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/o/ʊ
| ō/ô
| o
| ō/ô
! ḥōlem
|-
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/û
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/û
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | u/ʊ
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ū/û
! qibbuṣ
|-
! šûreq
|-
! schwa/<br /> ḥatef's
|}
 
Like ḥet and `ayin in the consonants, the vowels require a lot of first going back before you can go forward.  BH must be back-tracked to PH, but it's not as bad as it seems.  Remember, Proto-Hebrew only had 3.5 vowels!  3.5 is because it would've still been just /a/, /i/, and /u/ (and /ā/, /ū/, and /ī/) like PS, except stressed ā became ō.  This is called the '''Canaanite Shift''', and it happened before the exodus from the Levant.  Likewise, '''Philippi's Law''' says /i/ to /a/ in a closed, accented syllable.
 
* /ô/ should stay
* /i/ and /u/ stay before geminated consonants
* pro-pre-tonic and before reduce if possible
* /a/ is more stable than /i/ or /u/
* diphthongs survive at the end of word
* aw --> o
* ay ---> e
 
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Austronesian Hebrew]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
{{Aquatiki}}
Aquatiki
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