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Pamarėska: Difference between revisions
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The Pomorian language or Pamarėska golba, język pomorski (in Polish) is a Balto-Slavic language spoken in the region of Pomorze in Northern Poland from Gdynia to Braniewo cities, mostly in rural areas. There are at least 20 000 speakers (including second-language speakers), of which less than 4000 speak Pomorian natively. Most of the native speakers are at the age of 50 | {{Infobox language | ||
|image= POMORZE_2016.png | |||
|imagesize= 250px | |||
|name= ''Pamarėska gålba'' | |||
|nativename=''Pomorian language'' | |||
|pronunciation=/pɑ.ˈma:.rɪe.skɑ/ | |||
|- | |||
|creator=[[Raistas]] | |||
|setting=''Parallel World'' | |||
|- | |||
<!--|speakers= | |||
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>Pamarėska gålba</big> | |||
|date=--> | |||
|familycolor=Indo-European | |||
|fam1=Indo-European | |||
|ancestor=Proto-Indo-European | |||
|ancestor2=Proto-Balto-Slavic | |||
|ancestor3=Early Proto-Slavic | |||
|ancestor4=Vėtuhapamarėska | |||
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]] | |||
|- | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
The Pomorian language or Pamarėska golba, język pomorski (in Polish) is a Balto-Slavic language spoken in the region of Pomorze in Northern Poland from Gdynia to Braniewo cities, mostly in rural areas. There are at least 20 000 speakers (including second-language speakers knowing the language on an elementary level), of which less than 4000 speak Pomorian natively. Most of the native speakers are at the age of 50 or above, while younger generation usually speaks Polish as their first language. | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Pomorian is usually classified as a separate branch of the Slavic language group of the Indo-European language family, but some scholars agree that the language is actually a distinct group related to both Baltic and Slavic languages. There is also no sole opinion on whether Pomorian is a single language or a group of closely related languages. Nowadays it is considered to be a dialectal continuum. | Pomorian is usually classified as a separate branch of the Slavic language group of the Indo-European language family, but some scholars agree that the language is actually a distinct group related to both Baltic and Slavic languages. There is also no sole opinion on whether Pomorian is a single language or a group of closely related languages. Nowadays it is considered to be a dialectal continuum. | ||
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During the period between XIII and XV centuries Eastern Pomerania was under Teutonic Order and was under a great German influence. Before that time Pomorze and Prussia were sparcely populated having no major towns there. Because of most towns being founded and populated by Germans (and later by Poles), the Pomorian language was a tine minority there. Despite that Pomorian continued existing in rural areas, where it stayed for all of its history. During this time contact with German and Polish began and a lot of loanwords were borrowed from these two languages. Also they influenced Pomorian phonology in different dialects creating even more distinction among them. Under the Polish rule Pomorian began to decline in southern territories of Pomorze and Prussia. | During the period between XIII and XV centuries Eastern Pomerania was under Teutonic Order and was under a great German influence. Before that time Pomorze and Prussia were sparcely populated having no major towns there. Because of most towns being founded and populated by Germans (and later by Poles), the Pomorian language was a tine minority there. Despite that Pomorian continued existing in rural areas, where it stayed for all of its history. During this time contact with German and Polish began and a lot of loanwords were borrowed from these two languages. Also they influenced Pomorian phonology in different dialects creating even more distinction among them. Under the Polish rule Pomorian began to decline in southern territories of Pomorze and Prussia. | ||
=== Modern Pomorian === | === Modern Pomorian === | ||
The Modern period began at the end of the XIX century, when lots of people from rural areas started moving to cities and towns. People living in the city spoke primarily in German and Polish and Pomorian speaking new settlers began to forget their native tongue instead speaking the languages of prestige. Unlike in the previous period much more texts were written in Pomorian and also it became a language of liturgies, mostly in the countryside. | [[File:POMORZE_1945.png|thumb|The green area shows Pomorian-speaking territories (With more than 10% of total population speaking Pomorian)]] | ||
The Modern period began at the end of the XIX century, when lots of people from rural areas started moving to cities and towns. People living in the city spoke primarily in German and Polish and Pomorian speaking new settlers began to forget their native tongue instead speaking the languages of prestige. Unlike in the previous period much more texts were written in Pomorian and also it became a language of liturgies, mostly in the countryside. | |||
In XX century there were some successful attempts to revitalize and standardize Pomorian. In 1952 a spelling reform was adopted and the standardized grammar was established. The standard was based on North-Eastern dialects, which were the most widely spoken back then. However, some writers continued using the traditional spelling or wrote in their native dialect. It was untill 1989, when a Polish linguist Sauliu Dzelini proposed a new Pomorian Proper, based on his native dialect of Viestūtė (Wiastowce in Polish), which is a Central-West dialect and also the one having the longest written records., which combined features of both previous ones. Older (Eastern) spelling was kept for linguistic works, dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects. | |||
Despite an active movement to promote speaking Pomorian, the language stays endangered with 3600-4000 native speakers according to Polish census in 2011 (compared to 17000 in 1978). The Pomorian Association was created in 2004 with the intention of promoting and popularizing the Pomorian language and culture. Pomorian language classes have been conducted for both children and adults in some areas (mostly in big towns) and an increasing ammount of people are learning Pomorian as a second language. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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| a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/ | | a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Allophones, | *Allophones /ɛ:~æ:/, /a:/, /ɔ/ appear under acute/circumflex accent. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Diphthongs | |+ Diphthongs | ||
! ie / | ! ie /ɪe/ | ||
! uo /uo/ | ! uo /uo/ | ||
! ei / | ! ei /eɪ̯~e:/ | ||
! au / | ! au /ɑu̯/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | *Ei and au, are rather diphthongoids than true diphthongs. | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
Pomorian languge undergone through a process similar to the First Palatalization of velars in Slavic and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound). | Pomorian languge undergone through a process similar to the First Palatalization of velars in Slavic and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound). | ||
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<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
Ablaut, still productive in Pomorian, was inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic period. It changes the morphological form of the word. For example ''"snė͂ge"'' (older ''snai͂ges'') means "snow", ''"snigtì"'' to snow ''" | Ablaut, still productive in Pomorian, was inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic period. It changes the morphological form of the word. For example ''"snė͂ge"'' (older ''snai͂ges'') means "snow", ''"snigtì"'' (older ''"snigteĩ"'') to snow ''"snẽdze"''(older ''"snegḗt"'') "it snows". Also ablaut appears in imperfective mood of different verbs: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Dialects== | |||
[[File:POMORZE_2016 - Copy.png|thumb| Area with more than 10% of total population speaking Pomorian. Pamarėskė sačinė (Pomorian dialectals)]] | |||
Pomorian consists of | |||
# Northern and North-Western | |||
# Central-Western | |||
# South-Western | |||
# Central | |||
# Southern | |||
# Central-Eastern | |||
# Ežerina (Lake dialect) | |||
# Prūsisk (Eastern) | |||
Those dialects form four dialectal groups: '''Western''' (1), '''Central''' (2,3,4), '''Southern''' (5,6) and '''Eastern''' (7,8) | |||
The most widely spoken dialect is ''Central-Western'' one having 1000 native speakers. ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' dialects have approximately 500 native speakers each, ''Central-Eastern'' has about 700 speakers and ''Southern'' has less than 500 speakers. The rest of the dialects are spoken by less than 800 speakers and are severely endangered (Ežerina dialect having only 12 native speakers left). | |||
There are some differences in phonology and morphology among dialects while the syntax stays pretty much the same. | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
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[[Category: | [[Category:Indo-European languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||