Pamarėska: Difference between revisions

3,617 bytes added ,  14 August 2017
no edit summary
No edit summary
Line 666: Line 666:
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|e͂ste
|e͂ste
|-
|}
The verb ''būti'' has an additional simple '''future tense''' which conjugates like present, but using the form '''bąsti''' instead.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|bą́då
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|bą́desi
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|bą́de(t)
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|bą́deva
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|bą́deta
|-
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|bą́dete
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|bą́dema
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|bą́dete
|-
|align="right" |'''They'''
|bą́dą(t)
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 709: Line 740:
The verb ''būti'' also conjugates for dual.
The verb ''būti'' also conjugates for dual.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
!
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
Line 842: Line 872:


=====Imperative mood=====
=====Imperative mood=====
This mood is used to describe orders and commands.
This mood is used to describe orders and commands. There is no conjugation first person singular, instead a phrase with the word''ati'' is used, for example: ''Ati zoďå'' which translates as "let me decide". This construction is used with a third person for all the numbers as well (''Ati zoďą'' - let them decide).
 
'''Simple tenses'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''1'''
! colspan=1| '''2a'''
! colspan=1| '''2b'''
! colspan=1| '''3'''
! colspan=1| '''4'''
|-
!
!'''vestì - to lead'''
!'''žinóti - to know'''
!'''cetįti - to wish for something'''
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|veď'''ì'''  ||žin'''óji''' ||cet'''ìni''' ||zõď'''i''' ||'''bą́ďi'''
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|(ãti) ve͂ď'''e'''  ||(ãti) žin'''óje''' ||(ãti) cet'''ìne''' ||(ãti) zõď'''e''' ||'''bą́ďe'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|veď'''imà''' ||žin'''ójima''' ||cet'''ìnima''' ||zõď'''ima''' ||'''bą́ďima'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|veď'''itè''' ||žin'''ójite''' ||cet'''ìnite''' ||zõď'''ite''' ||'''bą́ďite'''
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|(ãti) ved'''ą́''' ||(ãti) žin'''óją''' ||(ãti) cet'''ìną''' ||(ãti) zoď'''ą́''' ||'''bądą́'''(t)
|-
|}
The verb ''būti (bąsti)'' also conjugates for dual.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|bąďýva
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|bąďýta
|-
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|bąďýte
|-
|}
 
'''Compound tenses'''
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''Pefect'''
! colspan=1| '''Continuous'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|bą́ďi zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́ďi zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|-
|align="right"|'''He/She/It'''
|bą́ďe zodie͂lu/ zodie͂li/ zodie͂lå
|bą́ďe zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|bąďýva zodie͂la/ zodie͂lė
|bąďýva zoďą͂ťa/ zoďą͂ťė
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|bąďýta zodie͂la/ zodie͂lė
|bąďýta zoďą͂ťa/ zoďą͂ťė
|-
|align="right"|'''They two'''
|bąďýte zodie͂la/ zodie͂lė
|bąďýte zoďą͂ťa/ zoďą͂ťė
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|bą́ďima zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bą́ďima zoďą͂ťū/ zoďą͂ťo
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|bą́ďite zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bą́ďite zoďą͂ťū/ zoďą͂ťo
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|bądą́(t) zodie͂lū/ zodie͂lio
|bądą́(t) zoďą͂ťū/ zoďą͂ťo
|}
 
=====Indirect mood=====
=====Indirect mood=====
This mood is different from other moods and is not always considered as such, because it isn't composed of conjugatable verbs but only active participles in the nominative case. There is no future tense in this mood.
This mood is different from other moods and is not always considered as such, because it isn't composed of conjugatable verbs but only active participles in the nominative case. There is no future tense in this mood.
Line 851: Line 972:
! colspan=1| Plural
! colspan=1| Plural
|-
|-
!Present
!'''Present'''
|zoďą̃ťu, zoďą̃ťi, zoďą̃ťå
|zoďą̃ťu, zoďą̃ťi, zoďą̃ťå
|zoďą͂ťū, zoďą͂ťo
|zoďą͂ťū, zoďą͂ťo
|-
|-
!Past
!'''Past'''
|zodie͂vušu, zodie͂vuši, zodie͂vušå
|zodie͂vušu, zodie͂vuši, zodie͂vušå
|zodie͂vušū, zodie͂vušo
|zodie͂vušū, zodie͂vušo
|-
|-
!Present perfect
!'''Present perfect'''
|estą̃ťu zodie͂lu, estą͂ťi zodie͂li, estą͂ťå zodie͂lå
|estą̃ťu zodie͂lu, estą͂ťi zodie͂li, estą͂ťå zodie͂lå
|są̃ťū zodie͂lū, są͂ťo zodie͂lio
|są̃ťū zodie͂lū, są͂ťo zodie͂lio
|-
|-
!Past perfect
!'''Past perfect'''
|bùvęťu zodie͂lu, bùvęťi zodie͂li, bùvęťå zodie͂lå
|bùvęťu zodie͂lu, bùvęťi zodie͂li, bùvęťå zodie͂lå
|bùvęťū zodie͂lū, bùvęťo zodie͂lio
|bùvęťū zodie͂lū, bùvęťo zodie͂lio
|-
|-
!Present Perfect-Continuous
!'''Present Perfect-Continuous'''
|e͂stevu zodie͂lu, e͂stevi zodie͂li, e͂stą͂vå zodie͂lå
|e͂stevu zodie͂lu, e͂stevi zodie͂li, e͂stą͂vå zodie͂lå
|są̃vū zodie͂lū, są͂vo zodie͂lio
|są̃vū zodie͂lū, są͂vo zodie͂lio
|-
|-
!Past Perfect-Continuous
!'''Past Perfect-Continuous'''
|bū́vu zodie͂lu, bū́vi zodie͂li, bū́vå zodie͂lå
|bū́vu zodie͂lu, bū́vi zodie͂li, bū́vå zodie͂lå
|bū́vū zodie͂lū, bū́vo zodie͂lio
|bū́vū zodie͂lū, bū́vo zodie͂lio
Line 903: Line 1,024:
Those dialects form three dialectal groups: '''Western''' (1,3), '''Central''' (2,4,5,6) and '''Eastern''' (7,8)
Those dialects form three dialectal groups: '''Western''' (1,3), '''Central''' (2,4,5,6) and '''Eastern''' (7,8)


The most widely spoken dialect is ''Central-Western'' one having 1000 native speakers. ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' dialects have approximately 500 native speakers each, ''Central-Eastern'' has about 700 speakers and ''Southern'' has less than 500 speakers. The rest of the dialects are spoken by less than 800 speakers and are severely endangered (Ežerina dialect having only 12 native speakers left).
The most widely spoken dialect is '''Central-Western''' one having 1000 native speakers. '''Western''' and '''Eastern''' dialects have approximately 500 native speakers each, '''Central-Eastern''' has about 700 speakers and '''Southern''' has less than 500 speakers. The rest of the dialects are spoken by less than 800 speakers and are severely endangered (the '''Ežerina''' dialect having only 12 native speakers left). In 1984 died Anna Ribbeck - the last known speaker of the Hel dialect ('''Heliska guora'''). It was a dialect once spoken in three villages on the [[w:Hel Peninsula|Hel peninsula]] and since the XX century only in a small town of [[w:Jastarnia|Jastarnia]]. This dialect had some distinct features absent from the rest dialects, such as the back vowel fronting, a lack of palatalization and a stress fixed on a first syllable. Also its' syntax was highly influenced by German.


There are some differences in phonology and morphology among dialects while the syntax stays pretty much the same. For example, the sentence: '''"I gave a few pennies to Brone''' (short from Bronislove)" would be ''"(Àz) dóďe cẽlkų gróšå Bróniau" /(ɑz.)ˈdoː.ɟɛ.ˈt͡sɛːl.kũ.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Pomorian Proper, but ''(Jès) dõďe kelkǻ gróšå Bróniau" /(ˌjɛz.) ˈdoː.ɟɛ.kɛl.ˈkɔː.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Western dialect and ''"(Às) dā́džia cálko pènįgo Bronių́ /(ˌɑz.)ˈdaːd͡ʑɐ.ˈt͡saːl.kɔ.ˌpɛ.nĩ.gɔ.brɔ.ˈɲũ/'' in Eastern dialect. The word ''penįgė'' is present in Pomorian Proper where it means "money". There is also seen a long vowel /aː/, which is a separate phoneme in Eastern dialect and did not became /oː/ like in the Proper. The word ''kelkå'' in Western dialect shows /k/ insted of expected /t͡s/, which is a common development in it. A borrowing from Polish could be also possible, but it doesn't explain the accent of the word. Major difference between Western and Central/Eatern dialectal groups is a retaining of final /ɛ/ or /ə/ sound from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-as ending (Brone, Bronislove) in former, but a complete loss in latter (Broń or Broniu, Bronislov).
There are some differences in phonology and morphology among dialects while the syntax stays pretty much the same. For example, the sentence: '''"I gave a few pennies to Brone''' (short from Bronislove)" would be ''"(Àz) dóďe cẽlkų gróšå Bróniau" /(ɑz.)ˈdoː.ɟɛ.ˈt͡sɛːl.kũ.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Pomorian Proper, but ''(Jès) dõďe kelkǻ gróšå Bróniau" /(ˌjɛz.) ˈdoː.ɟɛ.kɛl.ˈkɔː.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Western dialect and ''"(Às) dā́džia cálko pènįgo Bronių́ /(ˌɑz.)ˈdaːd͡ʑɐ.ˈt͡saːl.kɔ.ˌpɛ.nĩ.gɔ.brɔ.ˈɲũ/'' in Eastern dialect. The word ''penįgė'' is present in Pomorian Proper where it means "money". There is also seen a long vowel /aː/, which is a separate phoneme in Eastern dialect and did not became /oː/ like in the Proper. The word ''kelkå'' in Western dialect shows /k/ insted of expected /t͡s/, which is a common development in it. A borrowing from Polish could be also possible, but it doesn't explain the accent of the word. Major difference between Western and Central/Eatern dialectal groups is a retaining of final /ɛ/ or /ə/ sound from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-as ending (Brone, Bronislove) in former, but a complete loss in latter (Broń or Broniu, Bronislov).
2,334

edits