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| '''Dapkhan''' (''Dap Khah vaam'') is the official language of Dapkha in [[Bjeheond]]. | | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''nủtufỉxi'', from ''nủtu'' 'Pategian' + ''fỉxi'' 'language') is a [[Pategic languages|Pategic]] language spoken by the [[Verse:Tricin/Pategia|Pategian]] people in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. |
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| | It is inspired by Welsh, Hungarian, and classical IE languages (Latin, Greek and Avestan). Pategian is also analogous to Hungarian from a diachronic perspective: roots that are disyllabic in other Pategic languages are often monosyllabic in Pategian. |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | ==Dialects== |
| | | Pategian has 4 main dialects: |
| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | *Tảmhẻxra |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| | *Fathrẩc |
| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
| | *Kẻlet |
| | | *Ảnfihẻzi |
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| ==Introduction== | |
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| Dapkhan is a tonal language and is unrelated to the [[Hlou]]-[[Ku]] languages.
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| | ===Consonants=== |
| | p t ts tc k b d dz dq g ph th s c kh h f x z q m n l r lh rh j |
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| Oddly enough, the only nasal sounds present in Dapkhan are retroflex, as the others have undergone mergers. /m n ɲ/ merged with /ʋ l j/ while /ŋ/ disappeared. Historical /z/ merged with /dʰ/.
| | /p t ts tʃ k b d dz dʒ g f θ s ʃ x h v ð z ʒ m n l r ɬ rʰ j/ |
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| ===Initials===
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| p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ | |
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| pɳ ʈɳ kɳ pʰɳ kʰɳ pɬ kɬ pr kr pr̥ kr̥
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| ɳ~ɭ̃ ɳʰ
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| ts s tɬ ɬ l tʳ r̥ r j ʋ | |
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| ===Medials===
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| a e i o u (e and i are realized as /ə/ and /ɨ/ after retroflex consonants; o and u are realized as /ø/ and /y/ after palatals)
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| ===Finals===
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| Ø (null), p, t, ʔ, ṃ (realized as nasalization and lengthening of the previous vowel)
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| ===Tones===
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| There are four tones in Dapkhan in addition to the unstressed tone:
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| 1) high level (ā /a˥˦/)
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| 2) mid level (a or ạ /a˧/); not used with breathy initials or final stops
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| 3) low dipping (ǎ /a˨˩˦/); realized as a low level tone with final stops
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| 4) mid rising (á /˧˥/); not used with final stops
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| ===Orthography===
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| The consonants are written:
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| ''p ph t th nt nth c ch k kh b d nd j g''
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| ''pn tn kn phn khn phl khl pr kr phr khr''
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| ''n nh''
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| ''ts s thl hl l thr hr r y v''
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| The vowels are ''a e i o u''. Finals are written ''p t k m''.
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| The high level tone is written with an ''h'' after the vowel if the final is null, or by doubling the final.
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| The mid level tone is unmarked.
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| The dipping tone is written by doubling the vowel. If the final is a stop, the dipping tone is unmarked.
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | a â e i o u y ả ẩ ẻ ỉ ỏ ủ ỷ |
| | /a ɑ e i o u ɨ a: ɑ: e: i: o: u: ɨ:/ |
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| The rising tone is written with an acute accent.
| | ===Pitch accent=== |
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| ==Syntax==
| | Old Pategian had a pitch accent in long vowels which could be rising (written ả) or falling (written ạ). The distinction is neutralized in Modern Pategian. |
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| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| | No initial clusters, geminates allowed |
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| ==Sample text==
| | Stress follows the Dreimorengesetz. |
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| '''''Chapp lu nthekk keem hrá-hrá nduum rú hlá tnoh·tsát hlá nhuum·tsát phah lu thup. Pna·cah nduum khree·jett hlá tsih·knekk yat tnop sá, hlá naap-naap lí ntoh-ntoh lu hratt yat biim ta thrap sá.'''''
| | ==Morphology== |
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| birth ATTR time all human-REDUPL give free AND dignity and rights in ATTR equal. they give reason and conscience take endow ASPECT, and one-REDUPL join brother-REDUPL ATTR spirit take act QUOT should ASPECT
| | ==Poetry== |
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| All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| | Most ancient Pategian poetry was written in flexible quantitative meters reminiscent of Vedic Sanskrit, but a few authors have experimented with the stricter quantitative meters used in [[Sowaár]] poetry. Stress-accentual meters and rhyming unmetric verse, influenced by [[Windermere]] poetry, are also common. |
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Conlangs]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Pseudo-Uralic]][[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Tricin]] | | [[Category:Pategic languages]] |