Peshpeg: Difference between revisions

The Širkattarnaft was eventually adopted by the Peshpegs, to which they added diacritics and additional vowel signs to represent sounds not represented in the original orthography.  During the late 1870's, an Evangelist missionary, Aldous Green Huntly, sneaked into Minhay aboard a Chinese merchant vessel returning from the United States.  Hounded by hostile Gull Speakers who discovered him in the port city of Kissamut, he fled west, skirting around the major villages in Dog Speaker Country until he stumbled upon a Peshpeg settlement.  There, he was welcomed, and he began to preach and he successfully converted many of the villagers to the Evangelical sect.  He transcribed their language into a modified Latin script in order to translate the Bible to them.  The script came to be known as the ''Evanjelastarin'' or ''Evanjelastarün'', and soon this script was adopted by Peshpegs throughout Minhay, although the Širkattarnaft continued to be used in correspondence with the Minhast.

|  a á, e é, i í, o ó, ö (oe), u ú, ü (ue), b, p, f, v, d, t, g, k, c (ch), j, n, m, l, r, z, zh, s, sh, h, y   

|  f v

Peshpeg nouns are highly inflected, make distinctions in gender, animacy, case, and number.  These distinctions are marked by suffixes that show agglutinative or fusional characteristics.

#Preserve the original nominative-accusative system, marking accusative arguments with the suffixes ''-jor/-jomu''.

#Morphosyntactically take ergative-absolutive pattern: they take the ergative ''-du/-dumu'' markers.

#Follow along biological gender for female humans, and neuter animate count nouns, animals, except reptiles, amphibians, and fish.  Some inanimate nouns are also found in this category, such as trees, household items e.g. ''tonkul'' "crockpot",  or farming implements, e.g. ''vulpat'' "hoe".   

#Occupy the lowest level in the animacy hierarchy

Peshpeg's three-way split in its morphological alignment underlies its nominal case-number system.  Thus, the case-number system reflects the nominal system's animacy hierarchy.  A nominative-accusative pattern among Class I nouns, an ergative-absolutive pattern in Class II nouns, and a direct alignment in its Class III nouns.  The nominative-accusative pattern marks direct objects with the submorpheme ''-j-''.  The ergative-absolutive system is distinguished by the submorpheme ''-d-'' for ergative arguments.  The direct alignment system has zero-marking on all core arguments, and makes no number distinction at all.

!  Comitative/Instrumental

<nowiki>*</nowiki>The -in allomorph of the Class III suffix is favoured when the preceding phoneme is a palatalized consonant.

In intransitive clauses, the nominative case of Class I nouns and absolutive case of Class II nouns, are indistinguishable:

The split ergativity of the language can appear in the same clause.  In the following example, ''torzha'', a Class II noun, requires ergative marking to indicate it is serving as the agent, whilst the argument ''Kodzorin'', a Class I noun, requires the accusative marker ''-jor'' to indicate its role as the patient of the sentence:

|phrase = Torzhadu Kodzorinjor gumbiri jorlu.

| morphemes = torzha-du kodzorin-jor gumbiri jorlu.

| gloss = girl.CL2.S-ERG hammer_PN.CL1.S-ACC AUX.CL2.S.PST hit

| translation = The girl struck Kodzorin.

Peshpeg is among the languages that use the conjunction "and" to express comitative and/or instrumental relations:

| morphemes = kodzorin-∅ dorün jadrom-∅ i-ru-ti

| gloss = in_duari-CL3 PST-go-CL3.S alone

| translation = Going there was foolish (lit. "Having gone there is foolish.")   

The independent pronouns show a consistent ergative-absolutive pattern, identifiable by the suffix ''-du'' attached to the absolutive form of the pronoun.

===Postpositions===

The auxiliary ''-mb-'' of compound verbs developed from the fusion of a bound pronominal marker to the connective particle ''mon'' (possibly derived from the Minhast connective ''min''), which is attached to the suffix ''-bi''¹, plus a tense-aspect marker.  The verbal noun contains the semantic content of the verb phrase.

|phrase = Orun mon golach on nodórji gomboji uzan.

| morphemes = orun=mon golach=mon nodor-ji gor-mon-bi-ji uzan

| gloss = many CONN Ín_Duári CONN to.serve-NMLZ.AGT CL2-LOC-FUT riot

| translation = Many of the Ín Duári slaves will revolt.

If the verb is transitive, an object agreement clitic attaches to the beginning of the auxiliary, before the initial pronominal affix which occupies the subject position.  In the example below, the object clitic ''gi='' is obligatory, even if an overt object (e.g. ''tonkül'' "crockpot") is expressed:

|phrase = Norvadu tonkül <span style="color:red">gu</span>gombiri yilár.

| IPA = /'norvadu 'toŋkyl gu'gombɪɾi jɪ'la:ɾ/

| morphemes = norva-du tonkül gi=gu-mon-bi-ri yilár

| gloss = PN.CL2-ERG crockpot CL2.PL=CL2.S-CONN-LOC-PST break

| translation = Norva broke the crockpots (lit. "Crockpot them-she-of-in-past breakage")

The pronominal agreement markers appear in the following table:  

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

|+ '''Present'''

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-  

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|yódori<br/> yadombi

|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

|+ '''Past'''

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-  

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|yódori<br/> yodombori

|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

|+ '''Future'''

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-  

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|yodoroji<br/> ojori

|}

Unlike periphrastic verbs, which require two separate lexemes, an auxiliary verb plus a verb root, synthetic verbs encode all verbal inflections on the verb root itself.  Synthetic verbs are conservative, preserving the original Peshpeg verbal paradigms.   

|+ '''Present'''

! rowspan="2" | Person

! 1

| uzni

! Class I

| uzu

| uzuti

! Class II

! Class III

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|uzunki <br/> urunkik

|-

|}

 

*<span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> ru-</span> to go

 

|+ '''Present'''

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-

! 1

| runi

| runti

! 2

| ruzi

| rusti

! Class I

| ru

| ruti

|-

| rumvi

| rumvit

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|runki <br/> runkik

|+ '''Past'''

! rowspan="2" | Person

! 2

| iruzi <!-- i-ru-z-i -->

! Class I

| iru <!-- i-ru-i -->

| iruti <!-- i-ru-t-i -->

! Class II

| irumvi <!-- i-ru-mv-i -->

| irumvit <!-- i-ru-nv-i-t -->

! Class III

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|irunki <!-- i-ru-nk-i <br/> irunkik < i-ru-nk-i-t -->

|}

 

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

|+ '''Future'''

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-

! 1

| turuni

| turunti

! 2

| turuzi

| turusti

|-

| turu

| turuti

|-

| turumvi

| turumvit

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|turunki <br/> turunkik

|+ '''Present'''

! rowspan="2" | Person

! 1

| yeni

! 2

| yezi

| yesti

! Class I

! Class II

| yemvi

| yemvit

! Class III

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|yenki<br/> yenkik

 

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-

|-

| iyeni

| iyenti

|-

| iyezi

| iyesti

| iye

| iyeti

|-

| iyemvit

! Class III

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|iyenki <br/> iyenkik

|+ '''Future'''

! rowspan="2" | Person

! 1

| tayeni

! 2

| tayezi

| tayesti

! Class I

! Class II

| tayemvi

| tayemvit

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|tayenki <br/> tayenkik

|-

|}

 

 

 

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

|+ '''Present'''

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-

! 1

| torni < tor-n-i

| torunti < tor-n-t-i

! 2

| torzi < tor-z-i

| toristi < tor-z-t-i

! Class I

| tori < tor-i

| torti < tor-t-i

|-

| torumvi < tor-mv-i

| tormvit < tor-nv-i-t

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|torunki < tor-nk-i <br/> torunkik < tor-nk-i-t

 

|+ '''Past'''

! rowspan="2" | Person

! 1

| itorni < i-tor-n-i

! 2

| itorzi < i-tor-z-i

| itoristi < i-tor-z-t-i

! Class I

! Class II

| itorumvi < i-tor-mv-i

| itormvit < i-tor-nv-i-t

! Class III

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|itorunki < i-tor-nk-i <br/> itorunkik < i-tor-nk-i-t

|}

 

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

|+ '''Future'''

! rowspan="2" | Person 

! colspan="2" | Number

|-

! 1

|-

| tatorzi < ta-tor-z-i

| tatoristi < ta-tor-z-t-i

|-

| tatori < ta-tor-i

| tatorti < ta-tor-t-i

|-

| tatorumvi < ta-tor-mv-i

| tatormvit < ta-tor-nv-i-t

|-

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|tatorunki < ta-tor-nk-i <br/> tatorunkik < ta-tor-nk-i-t

 

*<span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> jóru-</span> to say

 

| gilin || later || unrestricted

| kün || soon || unrestricted

| IPA = /dozyn sud͡ʒun guvɛɾɪn/