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====Case and Number====
====Case and Number====
Peshpeg's three-way split in its morphological alignment underlies its nominal case-number system.  Thus, the case-number system reflects the nominal system's animacy hierarchy.  A nominative-accusative pattern is observed among Class I nouns, an ergative-absolutive pattern in Class II nouns, and a direct alignment in its Class III nouns.  The nominative-accusative pattern in Class I nouns marks direct objects with the submorpheme ''-j-''.  The ergative-absolutive system is distinguished by the submorpheme ''-d-'' for ergative arguments.  Class III nouns do not distinguish agent-patient roles, reflecting the direct alignment of these nouns.
Peshpeg's three-way split in its morphological alignment underlies its nominal case-number system.  Thus, the case-number system reflects the nominal system's animacy hierarchy.  A nominative-accusative pattern is observed among Class I nouns, an ergative-absolutive pattern in Class II nouns, and a direct marking in its Class III nouns.  The nominative-accusative pattern in Class I nouns marks direct objects with the submorpheme ''-j-''.  The ergative-absolutive system is distinguished by the submorpheme ''-d-'' for ergative arguments.  Class III nouns do not distinguish agent-patient roles, reflecting the direct alignment of these nouns.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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}}
}}


The split ergativity of the language can appear in the same clause.  This situation arises when Class I and Class II arguments co-occur as core arguments in transitive clauses, demonstrated in the next two examples:
Tripartite marking can in the same clause, wherein both the ergative and accusative markers both occur.  This situation arises when Class I and Class II arguments co-occur as core arguments in transitive clauses, demonstrated in the next two examples:
    
    
1. Marked Agent + Marked Patient (Class II Ergative + Class I Accusative):
1. Marked Agent + Marked Patient (Class II Ergative + Class I Accusative):
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2. Unmarked Agent + Unmarked Patient (Class I Nominative + Class II Absolutive):
2. Unmarked Agent + Unmarked Patient (Class I Nominative + Class II Absolutive):
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Torzhadu Kodzorinjor munembiri jorlu.
|phrase = Kodzorin torzha munembiri jorlu.
| IPA =   
| IPA =   
| morphemes = kodzorin torzha mu-nembiri jorlu.
| morphemes = kodzorin torzha mu-nembiri jorlu.
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| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = golahát-in i-ru-nki daltashi
| morphemes = golahát-in i-ru-nki daltashi
| gloss = in_duari-CL3 PST-go-CL3.S alone
| gloss = dirt-CL3 PST-go-CL3.S alone
| translation = The Ín Duári (man) went unaccompanied.
| translation = The Ín Duári (man) went unaccompanied.
}}
}}
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|-
|-
! Class III  
! Class III  
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |yódori <br/> yadombi
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |yódori <br/> yodombi
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| yódori <br/>yodombori
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| yombori <br/>yodombori
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| yodoroji <br/> ojori
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| ójori <br/> yodóroji
|}
|}


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Unlike periphrastic verbs, which require two separate lexemes, an auxiliary verb plus a verb root, synthetic verbs encode all verbal inflections on the verb root itself.  Synthetic verbs are conservative, preserving the original Peshpeg verbal paradigms.  The majority of the roots of synthetic verbs are monosyllabic and are high-frequency words, the latter of which has led to their preservation.
Unlike periphrastic verbs, which require two separate lexemes, an auxiliary verb plus a verb root, synthetic verbs encode all verbal inflections on the verb root itself.  Synthetic verbs are conservative, preserving the original Peshpeg verbal paradigms.  The majority of the roots of synthetic verbs are monosyllabic and are high-frequency words, the latter of which has led to their preservation.


===== Non-stative Verbs =====
Three tenses are distinguished: present (unmarked), past (marked with the prefix ''i-''), and future (prefix ''ta-'').  Aspect marking is distinguished by null-marking for the perfect, and the prefix ''dal-'' for the imperfect.  The prefixes show vowel harmony with the first vowel of the verb root.
Three tenses are distinguished: present (unmarked), past (marked with the prefix ''i-''), and future (prefix ''ta-'').  Aspect marking is distinguished by null-marking for the perfect, and the prefix ''dal-'' for the imperfect.  The prefixes show vowel harmony with the first vowel of the verb root.


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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| utorunki <br/>utorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| utorunki <br/>utorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| tutorunki <br/> tutorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| tutorunki <br/> tutorunkik
|}
<br/>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Conjugation of <span style="font-style:italic">jor-/jóru-</span> "to say"'''
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Present !!colspan="2"| Past !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| jorni || jorunti || ijorni || ijorunti || tajorni || tajorunti
|-
! 2
|| jorzi || jorusti|| ijorzi || ijorusti|| tajorzi || tajorusti
|-
! Class I
|| jor|| jorti||ijor || ijorti || tajor || tajorti
|-
! Class II
|| jorumvi || jorumvit ||ijorumvi || ijorumvit || tajorumvi || tajorumvit
|-
! Class III
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |jorunki <br/>jorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| ijorunki <br/>ijorunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| tajorunki <br/> tajorunkik
|}
|}


*<span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> jóru-</span> to say
<!--
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Present'''
|+ '''Present'''
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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|tajórunki < tajóru-nk-i <br/> tajórunkik < tajóru-nk-i-t
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|tajórunki < tajóru-nk-i <br/> tajórunkik < tajóru-nk-i-t
|-
|-
|}
-->
===== Stative Verbs =====
<br/>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Conjugation of <span style="font-style:italic">doc-</span> "be red"'''
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Present !!colspan="2"| Past !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| docni || docunti || idocni || idocunti || udocni || udocunti
|-
! 2
|| dozi || dosti|| idozi || idosti|| udozin || udosti
|-
! Class I
|| doc || dosti||udoc || udoci || udoz || udosti
|-
! Class II
|| dozi || dozit || dozün || dozüt || udozin || udozüt
|-
! Class III
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |docunki <br/>docunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| idocunki <br/>idocunkik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| udocunki <br/> udocunkik
|}
<br/>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Conjugation of <span style="font-style:italic">tava-</span> "be blue"'''
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Present !!colspan="2"| Past !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| tavani || tavanti || itavani || itavanti || etavani || etavanti
|-
! 2
|| tavasi || tavasti|| itavagi || itavasti|| etavagin || etavasti
|-
! Class I
|| tava || tavati||etava || etavai || etavagi || etavasti
|-
! Class II
|| tavagi || tavagit || tavagün || tavagüt || etavagin || etavagüt
|-
! Class III
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |tavanki <br/>tavankik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| itavanki <br/>itavankik
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| etavanki <br/> etavankik
|}
|}


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