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Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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Phonological history of Valthungian (view source)

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[[Category: East Germanic languages]]
[[Category: East Germanic languages]]
[[Category: Valthungian]]
[[Category: Valthungian]]
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described
features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer
to the legend here.]]''
==Changes from Pre-Germanic through East Germanic to [[Griutungi]] & Gothic (ca. 500ʙᴄ‒300ᴀᴅ)==
(This section is incomplete; I'll circle back around to it at some point and try to pry out of my notes which rules are applicable to East Germanic. I will try to include rules that are referenced in later sections.)
===Spirantisation ∅===
This rule was present in Proto-Germanic and persistent in various forms until approximately 1000ᴀᴅ. Some contend that this rule applied to ''all'' sonorants rather than just vowels, which would greatly simplify some of my rules below, but I do not believe that was the case, as it has some implications for the timing of Verner.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|500ʙᴄ: Voiced Stops become Continuant when Intervocalic
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V___V'''</span><br />
''“A voiced stop becomes continuant between two vowels.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V___V
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to have’
!width=150| ‘days’
!width=150| ‘seven’
!width=150| ‘goodness’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Pre-Gmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kapjonǫ''<br />[kapjɔnɔ͂]
|style="text-align: center;"| * ''dogās''<br />[dʱɔɡʱaːs]
|style="text-align: center;"| * ''sepḿ̥t''<br />[sepm̩t]
|style="text-align: center;"| * ''gʰedʰin''<br />[ɡʱedʱĩː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''habjaną''<br />[habjanã]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"|* ''dagōz''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːz]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''sebun''<br />[se'''β'''un]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''gōdį̄''<br />[ɡoː'''ð'''ĩː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''habān''<br />[ha'''β'''aːn]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''sibun''<br />[sɪ'''β'''ʊn]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''gōdei''<br />[ɡoː'''ð'''iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''habān''<br />[ha'''β'''aːn]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''sibun''<br />[sɪ'''β'''ʊn]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''gōdī''<br />[goː'''ð'''iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''habvaan''<br />[ha'''β'''aːn]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagyous''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oʊ̯s]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''sibvun''<br />[sɪ'''β'''ʊn]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''geoudvij''<br />[ɡøʏ̯'''ð'''iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''havɴ''<br />[ha'''v'''n̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagos''<br />[da'''ɡ'''os]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''sivun~sivɴ''<br />[sɪ'''v'''ʊn~sɪ'''v'''n̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gœyðî''<br />[ɡøʏ̯'''ð'''iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''havna''<br />[ha'''v'''na]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagas''<br />[da'''ɡ'''as]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''sivun~sivna''<br />[si'''v'''un~si'''v'''na]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gœuði''<br />[ɡœy̑'''ð'''i]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 300ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Expanded into [[#Spirantisation I|Spirantisation I]]
|}


==Changes from [[Griutungi]] & Gothic to [[Old Valthungian]] (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)==
==Changes from [[Griutungi]] & Gothic to [[Old Valthungian]] (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)==
===Spirantisation I===
===Spirantisation I===
This is an expansion (or possibly merely a clarification) of the persistent inherited Spirantisation rule present in Proto-Germanic. The Proto-Germanic rule ([[#Spirantisation ∅|“Spirantisation ∅”]]) holds that voiced stops become spirantised when intervocalic. It is unclear whether spirantisation also occurred in the presence of other sonorants in Proto-Germanic, Gothic, or Griutungi. This rule cements the expansion to include liquids in the environment.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|300ᴀᴅ: Voiced Stops become Continuant when Liquid-Adjacent
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L'''</span><br />
''“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''Already present in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to have’
!width=150| ‘terrible’
!width=150| ‘bed’
!width=150| ‘wonder’
!width=150| ‘days’
!width=150| ‘nice’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''habjaną''<br />[ha'''{b/β}'''janã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''abrō''<br />[a'''{b/β}'''roː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''badją''<br />[ba'''{d/ð}'''ją]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''seldō''<br />[sel'''{d/ð}'''oː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"|* ''dagōz''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fagrō''<br />[ɸa'''{ɡ/ɣ}'''roː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''habān''<br />[ha'''β'''aːn]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''{b/β}'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''{d/ð}'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''{ɡ/ɣ}'''ra]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''habān''<br />[ha'''β'''aːn]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''abra''<br />[a'''{b/β}'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''silda''<br />[sil'''{d/ð}'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''{ɡ/ɣ}'''ra]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Spir.I:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''habān''<br />[ha'''β'''aːn]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''abra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"|* ''silda''<br />[sil'''ð'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''habvaan''<br />[ha'''β'''aːn]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''abvra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''badvi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''slidva''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagyous''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oʊ̯s]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fagyra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''havɴ''<br />[ha'''v'''n̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''avʀ''<br />[a'''v'''r̩]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''baði''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''ə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagos''<br />[da'''ɡ'''os]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagʀ''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''r̩]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''havna''<br />[ha'''v'''na]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''avra''<br />[a'''v'''ra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''baðe''<br />[ba'''ð'''e̞]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagas''<br />[da'''ɡ'''as]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''ra]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 450ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Expanded into [[#Spirantisation II|Spirantisation II]]
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion===
===Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion===
This is a persistent phonological rule that operated optionally in the Gothic period, but became mandatory sometime before Old Valthungian metathesis, affecting all of the resulting /NL/ and /sr/ clusters. Later, in the Middle Valthungian period, stop insertion is able to cross morpheme boundaries, occurring after prefixes like ''in‑'', ''an‑'', or ''un‑''. This remains a persistent rule in the phonotactics of the language to the present.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|350ᴀᴅ: Stops Inserted before Liquids in Clusters
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''∅ → b,d / N___L<br />∅ → t / s___r'''</span><br />
''“A homorganic stop is inserted between a nasal consonant or /s/ and a following liquid (!s_l).”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| ml → mbl<br />mr → mbr<br />nl → ndl<br />nr → ndr<br />sr → str
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''Already present (optional) in Gothic (cf ''[[wikt: 𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|timrjan/timbrjan]])''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to build’
!width=150| ‘spring’
!width=150| ‘north’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''temrijaną''<br />[te'''mr'''ijanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''wazrą''<br />[wa'''zr'''ã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''nurþą''<br />[nurθã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''timrjan''~''timbrjan''<br />[tɪ'''m(b)r'''jan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''wasr''<br />[wa'''sr̩''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''naurþ''<br />[nɔrθ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''timbrjan''<br />[tɪ'''mbr'''jan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''wasr''<br />[wa'''sr̩''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''norþ''<br />[nɔrθ]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Meta:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''timbrjan''<br />[tɪ'''mbr'''jan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''wasr''<br />[wa'''sr̩''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #DDFFDD;"| *''nroþ''<br />[nrɔθ]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Stop Ins.:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''timbrjan''<br />[tɪ'''mbr'''jan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''wastr''<br />[wa'''str̩''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ndroþ''<br />[ndrɔθ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''timbrjan''<br />[tɪmbrjan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''vastr''<br />[wastr̩]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''nroþ''¹<br />[ndrɔθ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''timbrjen''<br />[tɪmbrjən]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''wastʀ''<br />[wastr̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''droðþ''<br />[drɔθ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''timbrin''<br />[timbrin]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''wastra''<br />[ʋastra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''droþ''<br />[dro̞θ]
|}
¹ It is assumed that this sound shift was completed immediately after metathesis, but Old Valthungian spelling conventions usually do not show it when word-initial (e.g. ''nroþ'' ‘north’, ''mrogins'' ‘morning’, ''nravgz'' ‘anxious’
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| persistent until Middle Valthungian Expansion.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Chronological Considerations:
|style="vertical-align: text-top;"| Occurs optionally in Gothic. Must become mandatory before metathesis. Remains persistent until [[#Expansion of Stop Insertion|Middle Valthungian Expansion of Stop Insertion]] change allowing the rule to cross morpheme boundaries.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''Unchanged, but phonotactics change; /NL/ and /sr/ clusters no longer allowed.'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Geminate Collapse I===
===Geminate Collapse I===
This is an expansion of the earlier [[#Germanic Geminate Simplication|Germanic Geminate Simplification]] rule inherited from Proto-Germanic and persistent through the Gothic era.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|400ᴀᴅ: Sonorant Degemination before C,#
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">''' CC[+son] → C / ___{C,#'''</span><br />
''“A geminate sonorant is degeminated before another consonant or when word-final.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''Already occurred optionally in some instances in Gothic.''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘I swam’
!width=150| ‘to fill’
!width=150| ‘you can’
!width=150| ‘I could’
!width=150| ‘to make known’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''(ek) swamm''<br /> [swamm]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fullijaną''<br />[ɸullijanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''(þū) kannt''<br />[kannt]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''(ek) kunnþǭ''→ ''kunþǭ''<br />[ kʊnθõː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kannijaną'<br />[ kannijanã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''swamm''<br />[swamm]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fulljan''<br />[ɸulljan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD ;"| ''kannt~kant''<br />[ kannt]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kannjan''<br />[kannjan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swamm''<br />[swamm]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fulljan''<br />[ɸulljan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kannt''<br />[kannt]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kannjan''<br />[kannjan]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Gem.I:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fuljan''<br />[ɸuljan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kanjan''<br />[kanjan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''svam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''feuljan''<br />[fʏljan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''kant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''keanjan''<br />[kɛnjan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''suam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fylin''<br />[fylin]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunþa''<br />[kunθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kenin''<br />[kenin]
|}
Note the diachronic differences in the three examples on the right, which are all derived from the same verb.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| None
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.'''
</span>
===Spirantisation II===
===Spirantisation II===
===Deletion of Interconsonantal h===
This is the second expansion of the [[#Spirantisation 0|Germanic Spirantisatrion Rule]] inherited from Proto-Germanic. The rule is unchanged, but the environment expands to include a following nasal.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|450ᴀᴅ: Voiced Stops become Continuant before Nasals
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L,N'''</span><br />
''“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel, a liquid, or a nasal.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l,m,n
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''Allophonic at this stage.''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘voice’
!width=150| ‘to become separated’
!width=150| ‘tree’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''stebnō''<br />[stebnoː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''gaskaidnaną''<br />[ɡaskaidnanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bagmaz''<br />[baɡmaz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stibna''<br />[stɪbna]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gaskaidnan''<br />[ɡaskɛːdnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagms''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''stibna''<br />[stɪbna]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''gaskǣdnan''<br />[ɡaskɛːdnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bagms''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Spir.II:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''stibna''<br />[stɪ'''β'''na]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''gaskǣdnan''<br />[ɡaskɛː'''ð'''nan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''bagms''<br />[ba'''ɣ'''m̩s]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''stibvna''<br />[stɪβna]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''gaskaedvnan''<br />[ɡaskɛːðnan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''bagyms''<br />[baɣm̩s]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gascêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stivna]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gaskǣðnan''<br />[ɡaske̞ːðnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡmas]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 550ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Expanded into [[#Spirantisation III|Spirantisation III]]
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
 
=== Deletion of Interconsonantal h===
An optional rule in Gothic, now no longer optional.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|500ᴀᴅ: Interconsonantal /h/ is Deleted
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">''' h → ∅ / C___C'''</span><br />
''“/h/ is deleted between two consonants.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| This change likely began much earlier and is persistent. It already appears in Gothic: ''gawaurhtai ~ gawaurtai''. Cannot cross morpheme boundaries.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘cloud’
!width=150| ‘deed’
!width=150| ‘bright’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''melhmô''<br />[melxmoːˑ]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''wurhstwą''<br />[wurxstwã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''berhtaz''<br />[berxtaz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''milhma<br />[mɪlhma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''waurhstw~waurstw''<br />[wɔr(h)stw]]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bairhts''<br />[bɛrhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''milhma<br />[mɪlhma]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''worhstw''<br />[wɔrhstw]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''berhts''<br />[bɛrhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| H-Deletion:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''milma<br />[mɪlma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''worstw''<br />[wɔrstw]
|style="text-align: center; background: #DDFFFF;"| †''berhts<br />[bɛrhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''milma''<br />[mɪlma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''vrostv<br />[wrɔstw]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''brehts''<br />[brɛhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''milma''<br />[mɪlma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wrostu''<br />[wrɔstʊ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''brêts''<br />[brɛːts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''milma''<br />[milma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wrosto''<br />[ʋro̞sto̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''brǣts''<br />[bre̞ːts]]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1200ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Until all word-internal instances of /h/ have disappeared except in words with unstressed prefixes as of the ~1200ᴀᴅ [[Palatalisation of h before j|Palatalisation of h before j]].
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Chronological Considerations:
| Probably intermittent from Gothic times; not a full rule until the "H Changes" around 1100, accounting for the counter-example of ''berhts''→''brǣts'', above, where we would normally expect Valthungian **''brets''.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
 
===Spirantisation III===
===Spirantisation III===
This is the third expansion of the [[#Spirantisation 0|Germanic Spirantisatrion Rule]] inherited from Proto-Germanic. In this instance, the environment remains the same while the rule changes.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|450ᴀᴅ: Unvoiced Spirants become Voiced between Sonorants
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">''' C[-snt][-cnt][-sib] → [+vox] / V,L}___{V,L,N'''</span><br />
''“In the same environment as Spirantisation II, unvoiced, non-sibilant fricatives become voiced.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| f,þ,h(opt) → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l,m,n
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''Expansion of scope of earlier Spirantisation Rules. This rule effectively reverses Thurneysen’s Law.''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘violence’
!width=150| ‘forest’
!width=150| ‘childishly’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''waldumnijō''<br />[waldu'''m'''nijoː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''walþuz''<br />[wal'''θ'''uz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''neuknagô'''<br />[neu̯kna'''ɣ'''oːˑ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''waldufni''<br />[waldu'''ɸ'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''walþus''<br />[wal'''θ'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''niuklahō''<br />[niu̯kla'''h'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''waldufni''<br />[waldu'''ɸ'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''walþus''<br />[wal'''θ'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''niuklahō''<br />[niu̯kla'''h'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Spir.III:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''walðuβni''<br />[walðu'''β'''ni]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''walðus''<br />[wal'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''niuklaɣō''<br />[niu̯kla'''ɣ'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''vladyufvni''<br />[wlaðu'''β'''ni]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''vladyus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''nivklagyou''<br />[niu̯kla'''ɣ'''oʊ̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuclaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''vlaðuvne''<br />[ʋlaðu'''v'''ne]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''vlaðus''<br />[ʋla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuklaga(so)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aso]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent (along with Spirantisation II) until the H-Changes of Late Old Valthungian
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]===
===Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]===
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I===
A set of rules, actually, which address the treatment of certain word-initial consonants followed by liquids.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|550ᴀᴅ: Changes to initial fl, hl, hr
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic & Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''f → þ / #___l; h→ x / #___L'''</span><br />
''“All remaining occurrences of word-initial fl inherited from Gothic become þl. Word-initial h becomes [x] before a liquid (phonetic only).”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| fl → þl<br />hl → [xl]<br />hr → [xr]
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
|''Expansion of earlier rule to include all word-initial environments. The second part of the rule later expands causing word-initial hl and hr to become þl and þr, respectively, in Middle Valthungian. For a brief period, following [[#Metathesis|metathesis]], [xL] and [hL] coexist, and they are not differentiated in Old Valthungian orthography, but [hL] does not later evolve into [θL].''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘river’
!width=150| ‘to braid’
!width=150| ‘field’
!width=150| ‘bread’
!width=150| ‘preference’
!width=150| ‘corpse’
!width=150| ‘horn’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flōduz''<br />['''ɸl'''oːðuz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flehtaną''<br />['''ɸl'''extanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fulþą''<br />[ɸulθã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hlaibaz''<br />['''hl'''aiβaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halþį̄''<br />[halθĩː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hraiwą''<br />['''hr''ai̯wã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hurną''<br />[hurnã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''flōdus''<br />['''ɸl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''flaihtan''<br />['''ɸl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fulþ''<br />[ɸʊlθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlaifs''<br />['''hl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''halþei''<br />[halθiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hraiw''<br />['''hr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''haurn''<br />[hɔrn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flōdus''<br />['''ɸl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flehtan''<br />['''ɸl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fulþ''<br />[ɸʊlθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hlǣfs''<br />['''hl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halþī''<br />[halθiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hrǣw''<br />['''hr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''horn''<br />[hɔrn]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| fl to þl:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þlōðus''<br />['''θl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þlehtan''<br />['''θl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fulþ ''<br />[ɸʊlθ]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''hlǣfs ''<br />['''xl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halðī ''<br />[halθiː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''hrǣw''<br />['''xr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''horn''<br />[hɔrn]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDCC;"| Metathesis:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þlōðus''<br />['''θl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þlehtan''<br />['''θl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''fluþ ''<br />['''ɸl'''ʊθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hlǣfs ''<br />['''xl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''hlaðī ''<br />['''hl'''aθiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hrǣw''<br />['''xr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''hron''<br />['''hr'''ɔn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''þloudyus''<br />['''θl'''oʊ̯ðʊs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''þlehtan''<br />['''θl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fluþ ''<br />['''ɸl'''ʊθ]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''hlaefs''<br />['''xl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hleadyij ''<br />['''hl'''ɛðiː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hraejv''<br />['''xr'''ɛːju]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hron''<br />['''hr'''ɔn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlouðus''<br />['''θl'''əʊ̯ðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣtɴ''<br />['''θl'''ɛːtn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fluðþ''<br />['''fl'''ʊθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣfs''<br />['''θl'''ɛːfs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hleðî''<br />['''xl'''ɛðiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þrǣju''<br />['''θr'''ɛːjʊ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hron''<br />['''xr'''ɔn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlōðus''<br />['''θl'''au̯ðus]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣtna''<br />['''θl'''e̞ːtna]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fluþ''<br />['''fl'''uθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣfs''<br />['''θl'''e̞ːfs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hleði''<br />['''xl'''e̞ði]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þrǣjo''<br />['''θr'''e̞ːjo̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hron''<br />['''xr'''ɔn]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 600ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| This rule is ''not'' persistent. It has to end before [[#Metathesis|Metathesis]].
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| /h/ and /x/ are now distinct phonemes before a liquid.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
 
===Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes I===
There are a few things that happen to the voincing of consonant clusters in the seventh century. This is the first of two stages.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|600ᴀᴅ: Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonotactic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''s → z / C[+vox]___#<br />
zC[+vox] → [-vox]'''</span><br />
''“Final s after a voiced consonant becomes z. Word-internal voiced consonant clusters become devoiced.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bs# → bz<br />ds# → dz <br />gs# → gz <br />zb → sp <br />zd → st <br />zg → sk
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘half’
!width=150| ‘Presbytery’
!width=150| ‘garden’
!width=150| ‘language’
!width=150| ‘day’
!width=150| ‘ashes’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbaz''<br />[xalbaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''πρεσβῠτέρῐον''<br />[pre'''zb'''yterion]¹
|style="text-align: center;"| *''urtigardiz ''<br />[ʊrtɪɡardaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''razdō''<br />[ra'''zd'''oː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''dagaz''<br />[daɣaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''askǭ''<br />[a'''sk'''õːˑ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''halbs''<br />[hal'''bs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''praizbwtairei''<br />[prɛ'''zb'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''aurtigards ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ds''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''razda''<br />[ra'''zd'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dags''<br />[da'''ɡs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''azgō''<br />[a'''zɡ'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[hal'''bs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''prezbyterī''<br />[prɛ'''zb'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ortigards ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ds''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''razda''<br />[ra'''zd'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''dags''<br />[da'''ɡs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''azgō''<br />[a'''zɡ'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Vox.I:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''halbz''<br />[hal'''βz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''prespyterī''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ortigarðz ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ðz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''dagz''<br />[da'''ɣz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''askō''<br />[a'''sk'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDCC;"| Vox.II:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''halfs''<br />[hal'''ɸs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''prespyterī''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''ortigarþs ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''askō''<br />[a'''sk'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hlafs''<br />[hla'''ɸs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''prespyterij''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''rotigraþs''<br />[rɔtɪɡra'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡz''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''askou''<br />[a'''sk'''oʊ̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlavfs''<br />[xla'''fs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''prespiterî''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ɪtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rotigraðþs''<br />[rɔtɪɡra'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡʑ''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''asko''<br />[a'''sk'''ɔ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlafs''<br />[xla'''fs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''prespiteri''<br />[pre̞'''sp'''ite̞ri]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rotigraþs''<br />[ro̞tiɡra'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''daǧ''<br />[da'''ʥ''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''aska''<br />[a'''sk'''a]
|}
¹ This is obviously borrowed from Greek into Gothic; it was never a Proto-Germanic word.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| No
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
 
===Clisis & Lexicalisation===
===Clisis & Lexicalisation===
This sort of rule is always a ''little'' bit persistent in most languages; basically, this rule blurs the lines between morpheme and word boundaries resulting in some words being combined (like French ''à''+''les'' → ''aux'') and others becoming independent words where they had previously required another word to affix to.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|600ᴀᴅ: Word Boundaries Shift
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Morphological
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''(optionally): </br ># → + / preposition___determiner</br ># → + / preposition___pronoun</br ># → + / pronoun___pronoun</br >+ → # / ___clitic (ī, uh, hun, u)'''</span><br />
''“Common Germanic clitics may become independent words. Prepositions may fuse with a following determiner or pronoun. Sequential pronouns may be consolidated.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘in the’
!width=150| ‘give it to me’
!width=150| ‘that which’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''in þaimaz''<br />[in θaimaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''geb et mez''<br />[ɡeb et mez]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þanǭ ī''<br />[θanɔ͂ː iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''in þamma''<br />[ɪn θamma]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''gif ita mis''<br />[ɡiɸ ɪta mɪs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þanei''<br />[θaniː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''in þamma''<br />[ɪn ˈθamma]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''gif ita mis''<br />[ɡiɸ ɪta mɪs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þanī''<br />[ˈθaniː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| (Dis)clisis:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''inþamma''<br />[ɪnˈθamma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''gif it(a)mis''<br />[ɡiɸ ɪt(a)ˈmɪs]¹
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þanī~þan ī''<br />[ˈθaniː~θan iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''inþapma''<br />[ɪnˈθapma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''gif itmis''<br />[ɡɪɸ ɪtˈmɪs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''þeanij~þan ij''<br />[ˈθæniː~θan iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''inþatma''<br />[ɪnˈθatma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gif itmis ''<br />[ɡɪf ɪtˈmɪs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þenî, þan î''<br />[ˈθɛniː~θan iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''inþatma''<br />[inˈθatma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gif itmis''<br />[ɡif itˈmis]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þeni~þan ī''<br />[θeni~θan iː]
|}
¹ The final ‑a of ''ita'' is deleted around 900ᴀᴅ in the [[#Deletion of Final Unstressed a|Deletion of Final Unstressed [a] Rule]]; this rule may have applied before, after, or even twice.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent but optional.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Chronological Considerations:
| Must occur at a stage after late Griutungi has begun to adopt Latinate pre-verbal pronoun order.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II===
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II===
This is a bit of a “fill-in-the-blanks” rule, which could easily have been rolled into the earlier [[#Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes I|Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes]] rules as a secondary stage, but here it is as a separate rule to try to keep things chronological.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|650ᴀᴅ: Word-final [bz] and [dz] become devoiced.
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050|
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''C[-bck]z → [+cnt][-vox] / ___#'''</span><br />
''“The clusters /bz/ and /dz/ become devoiced (and possibly spirantized, depending on the exact quality of /b/ and /d/ in this environment at this stage). This does not apply to the dorsal /gz/, which remains voiced.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bz → fs<br />dz → þs
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘half’
!width=150| ‘beard’
!width=150| ‘day’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbaz''<br />[halbaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bardaz''<br />[bardaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgiz''<br />[balɣiz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[halbs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bards''<br />[bards]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgs''<br />[balɡs]¹
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[halbs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bards''<br />[bards]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgs''<br />[balɡs]¹
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Vox II:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''halfs''<br />[halɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''barþs''<br />[barθs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''balgz''<br />[balgz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hlafs''<br />[xlaɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''braþs''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''blagz''<br />[blaɡz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlavfs''<br />[xlafs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''braðþs ''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''blagz''<br />[blaɡʐ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlafs''<br />[xlafs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''braþs''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''blaǧ''<br />[blaʥ]
|}
¹ In the time of Gothic and Griutungi, the phonotactics of the language was such that voiced stops only occurred word-finally after a liquid. The exact nature of ⟨g⟩ is entirely speculative, but this interpretation assumes that it was a voiced stop.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| No
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Changes to Geminate Obstruents===
===Changes to Geminate Obstruents===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Obstruents are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[-son] → hC '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a geminate obstruent becomes /h/.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bb → hb<br />
dd → hd<br />
pp → hp<br />
tt → ht<br />
kk → kh<br />
ff → hf<br />
þþ → hþ<br />
ss → hs
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘egg’
!width=150| ‘speech’
!width=150| ‘father’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''aiją''<br />[ai̯jã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kwissiz''<br />[kwi'''ss'''iz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''attô''<br />[a'''tt'''oːː]]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''addi''<br />[a'''dd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''qiss''<br />[kwi'''ss''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''atta''<br />[a'''tt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''addi ''<br />[a'''dd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kwiss''<br />[kwi'''ss''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''atta''<br />[a'''tt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ahdi ''<br />[a'''hd'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kwihs''<br />[kwi'''hs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ahta''<br />[a'''ht'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''ahdi''<br />[a'''hd'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''qvihs''<br />[kwi'''hs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''ahta''<br />[a'''ht'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''âdi''<br />['''aːd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''qwîs''<br />[kw'''iːs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''âta''<br />['''aːt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''āde''<br />['''aːd'''e̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kwīs''<br />[kw'''iːs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''āta''<br />['''aːt'''a]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until the H-Changes of Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting Vh sequences later undergo lengthening in the Middle Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Nasals are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][+nas] → C[-son][-nas][-cnt][-vox]C '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a nasal geminate becomes an unvoiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| mm → pm<br />nn → tn
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘swim’
!width=150| ‘know how’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swemmaną''<br />[swemmanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunnaną''<br />[kunnanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þammai''<br />[θammai̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swimman''<br />[swɪmman]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunnan''<br />[kʊnnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þamma''<br />[θamma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swimman ''<br />[swɪmman]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunnan''<br />[kʊnnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þamma''<br />[θamma]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''swipman ''<br />[swɪpman]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kutnan''<br />[kʊtnan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þapma''<br />[θapma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''svipman''<br />[swɪpman]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''kutnan''<br />[kʊtnan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''þapma''<br />[θapma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switman''<br />[switman]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kutnan''<br />[kutnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatma]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting pm sequences resulting from mm later undergo shift to tm during [[#Changes_to_Geminate_Nasals_II|Changes to Geminate Nasals II]].
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}<!--===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Liquids are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][-nas] → C[-son][-cnt]C '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a liquid geminate becomes a voiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| ll → dl<br />rr → dr
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''/dl/ comes to be realized as [dɮ]. Its exact articulation at the time of this rule is not clear, but is not subject to persistent [[#Spirantisation_II|Spirantisation II]], so not precisely [dl].''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to fall’
!width=150| ‘far from’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallaną''<br />[fallaną]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferrai''<br />[ferrai̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skellaną''<br />[skellanã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fairra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fadlan ''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlɴ''<br />[fadln̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedrə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''scidlɴ''<br />[skɪdln̩]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fadlan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''skidlan''<br />[skidlan]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
-->
 
===Metathesis===
===Metathesis===
===Deletion of s after r===
===Deletion of s after r===
===s-Clusters Diffused===
===s-Clusters Diffused===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 711ᴀᴅ. Moors from North Africa invade Spain, pushing out the Visigoths.'''
</span>
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 768ᴀᴅ. Reign of Charlemagne begins.'''
</span>
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 793ᴀᴅ. Vikings destroy the church at Lindisfarne.'''
</span>
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
===Umlaut===
===Umlaut===
===Launch of Rhotacism===
===Launch of Rhotacism===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 820ᴀᴅ. Vikings settle in Normandy.'''
</span>
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 860ᴀᴅ. Vikings discover Iceland.'''
</span>
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 866ᴀᴅ. Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great, captures London from the Danes.'''
</span>
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
Line 37: Line 2,050:
===Rhotacism Failure===
===Rhotacism Failure===
===j/z Merger===
===j/z Merger===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.'''
</span>
===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
===Assimilation of h after short vowels===
===Assimilation of h after short vowels===
Line 51: Line 2,069:
===Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes===
===Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes===
===Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants===
===Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants===
===Expansion of Stop Insertion===


==Changes from [[Middle Valthungian]] to [[Valthungian|Modern Valthungian]] (ca. 1350ᴀᴅ‒1850ᴀᴅ)==
==Changes from [[Middle Valthungian]] to [[Valthungian|Modern Valthungian]] (ca. 1350ᴀᴅ‒1850ᴀᴅ)==
Line 67: Line 2,086:


==Changes from [[Valthungian|Early Modern Valthungian]] to the present==
==Changes from [[Valthungian|Early Modern Valthungian]] to the present==
===Labial Trimming===
===Deletion of Internasal g===
===Changes to w===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/360751...368529"