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Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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Phonological history of Valthungian (view source)

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!width=150| ‘to have’
!width=150| ‘to have’
!width=150| ‘days’
!width=150| ‘days’
!width=150| ‘seven’
!width=150| ‘goodness’
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Pre-Gmc:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Pre-Gmc:  
Line 457: Line 459:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
Line 544: Line 546:
|}
|}


'''→ This stage of the language is approximately what would have been spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome in 410ᴀᴅ.'''
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.'''
</span>


===Spirantisation II===
===Spirantisation II===
Line 598: Line 602:
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stivnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gaskêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gascêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|-
|-
Line 685: Line 689:
|}
|}


===Deletion of Interconsonantal h===
=== Deletion of Interconsonantal h===
An optional rule in Gothic, now no longer optional.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|500ᴀᴅ: Interconsonantal /h/ is Deleted
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">''' h → ∅ / C___C'''</span><br />
''“/h/ is deleted between two consonants.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| This change likely began much earlier and is persistent. It already appears in Gothic: ''gawaurhtai ~ gawaurtai''. Cannot cross morpheme boundaries.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘cloud’
!width=150| ‘deed’
!width=150| ‘bright’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''melhmô''<br />[melxmoːˑ]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''wurhstwą''<br />[wurxstwã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''berhtaz''<br />[berxtaz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''milhma<br />[mɪlhma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| ''waurhstw~waurstw''<br />[wɔr(h)stw]]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bairhts''<br />[bɛrhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''milhma<br />[mɪlhma]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''worhstw''<br />[wɔrhstw]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''berhts''<br />[bɛrhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| H-Deletion:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''milma<br />[mɪlma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''worstw''<br />[wɔrstw]
|style="text-align: center; background: #DDFFFF;"| †''berhts<br />[bɛrhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''milma''<br />[mɪlma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''vrostv<br />[wrɔstw]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''brehts''<br />[brɛhts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''milma''<br />[mɪlma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wrostu''<br />[wrɔstʊ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''brêts''<br />[brɛːts]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''milma''<br />[milma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wrosto''<br />[ʋro̞sto̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''brǣts''<br />[bre̞ːts]]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1200ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Until all word-internal instances of /h/ have disappeared except in words with unstressed prefixes as of the ~1200ᴀᴅ [[Palatalisation of h before j|Palatalisation of h before j]].
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Chronological Considerations:
| Probably intermittent from Gothic times; not a full rule until the "H Changes" around 1100, accounting for the counter-example of ''berhts''→''brǣts'', above, where we would normally expect Valthungian **''brets''.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
 
===Spirantisation III===
===Spirantisation III===
This is the third expansion of the [[#Spirantisation 0|Germanic Spirantisatrion Rule]] inherited from Proto-Germanic. In this instance, the environment remains the same while the rule changes.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|450ᴀᴅ: Unvoiced Spirants become Voiced between Sonorants
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">''' C[-snt][-cnt][-sib] → [+vox] / V,L}___{V,L,N'''</span><br />
''“In the same environment as Spirantisation II, unvoiced, non-sibilant fricatives become voiced.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| f,þ,h(opt) → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l,m,n
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''Expansion of scope of earlier Spirantisation Rules. This rule effectively reverses Thurneysen’s Law.''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘violence’
!width=150| ‘forest’
!width=150| ‘childishly’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''waldumnijō''<br />[waldu'''m'''nijoː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''walþuz''<br />[wal'''θ'''uz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''neuknagô'''<br />[neu̯kna'''ɣ'''oːˑ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''waldufni''<br />[waldu'''ɸ'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''walþus''<br />[wal'''θ'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''niuklahō''<br />[niu̯kla'''h'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''waldufni''<br />[waldu'''ɸ'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''walþus''<br />[wal'''θ'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''niuklahō''<br />[niu̯kla'''h'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Spir.III:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''walðuβni''<br />[walðu'''β'''ni]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''walðus''<br />[wal'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''niuklaɣō''<br />[niu̯kla'''ɣ'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''vladyufvni''<br />[wlaðu'''β'''ni]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''vladyus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''nivklagyou''<br />[niu̯kla'''ɣ'''oʊ̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuclaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''vlaðuvne''<br />[ʋlaðu'''v'''ne]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''vlaðus''<br />[ʋla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuklaga(so)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aso]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent (along with Spirantisation II) until the H-Changes of Late Old Valthungian
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || h~x
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]===
===Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]===
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I===
A set of rules, actually, which address the treatment of certain word-initial consonants followed by liquids.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|550ᴀᴅ: Changes to initial fl, hl, hr
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic & Phonetic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''f → þ / #___l; h→ x / #___L'''</span><br />
''“All remaining occurrences of word-initial fl inherited from Gothic become þl. Word-initial h becomes [x] before a liquid (phonetic only).”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| fl → þl<br />hl → [xl]<br />hr → [xr]
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
|''Expansion of earlier rule to include all word-initial environments. The second part of the rule later expands causing word-initial hl and hr to become þl and þr, respectively, in Middle Valthungian. For a brief period, following [[#Metathesis|metathesis]], [xL] and [hL] coexist, and they are not differentiated in Old Valthungian orthography, but [hL] does not later evolve into [θL].''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘river’
!width=150| ‘to braid’
!width=150| ‘field’
!width=150| ‘bread’
!width=150| ‘preference’
!width=150| ‘corpse’
!width=150| ‘horn’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flōduz''<br />['''ɸl'''oːðuz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flehtaną''<br />['''ɸl'''extanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fulþą''<br />[ɸulθã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hlaibaz''<br />['''hl'''aiβaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halþį̄''<br />[halθĩː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hraiwą''<br />['''hr''ai̯wã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hurną''<br />[hurnã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''flōdus''<br />['''ɸl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''flaihtan''<br />['''ɸl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fulþ''<br />[ɸʊlθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlaifs''<br />['''hl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''halþei''<br />[halθiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hraiw''<br />['''hr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''haurn''<br />[hɔrn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flōdus''<br />['''ɸl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''flehtan''<br />['''ɸl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fulþ''<br />[ɸʊlθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hlǣfs''<br />['''hl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halþī''<br />[halθiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hrǣw''<br />['''hr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''horn''<br />[hɔrn]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| fl to þl:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þlōðus''<br />['''θl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þlehtan''<br />['''θl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fulþ ''<br />[ɸʊlθ]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''hlǣfs ''<br />['''xl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halðī ''<br />[halθiː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''hrǣw''<br />['''xr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''horn''<br />[hɔrn]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDCC;"| Metathesis:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þlōðus''<br />['''θl'''oːðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þlehtan''<br />['''θl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''fluþ ''<br />['''ɸl'''ʊθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hlǣfs ''<br />['''xl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''hlaðī ''<br />['''hl'''aθiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hrǣw''<br />['''xr'''ɛːw]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''hron''<br />['''hr'''ɔn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''þloudyus''<br />['''θl'''oʊ̯ðʊs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''þlehtan''<br />['''θl'''ɛhtan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fluþ ''<br />['''ɸl'''ʊθ]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''hlaefs''<br />['''xl'''ɛːɸs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''hleadyij ''<br />['''hl'''ɛðiː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hraejv''<br />['''xr'''ɛːju]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hron''<br />['''hr'''ɔn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlouðus''<br />['''θl'''əʊ̯ðʊs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣtɴ''<br />['''θl'''ɛːtn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fluðþ''<br />['''fl'''ʊθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣfs''<br />['''θl'''ɛːfs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hleðî''<br />['''xl'''ɛðiː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þrǣju''<br />['''θr'''ɛːjʊ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hron''<br />['''xr'''ɔn]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlōðus''<br />['''θl'''au̯ðus]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣtna''<br />['''θl'''e̞ːtna]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fluþ''<br />['''fl'''uθ]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þlǣfs''<br />['''θl'''e̞ːfs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hleði''<br />['''xl'''e̞ði]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þrǣjo''<br />['''θr'''e̞ːjo̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hron''<br />['''xr'''ɔn]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 600ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| This rule is ''not'' persistent. It has to end before [[#Metathesis|Metathesis]].
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| /h/ and /x/ are now distinct phonemes before a liquid.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
 
===Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes I===
There are a few things that happen to the voincing of consonant clusters in the seventh century. This is the first of two stages.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|600ᴀᴅ: Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonotactic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''s → z / C[+vox]___#<br />
zC[+vox] → [-vox]'''</span><br />
''“Final s after a voiced consonant becomes z. Word-internal voiced consonant clusters become devoiced.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bs# → bz<br />ds# → dz <br />gs# → gz <br />zb → sp <br />zd → st <br />zg → sk
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘half’
!width=150| ‘Presbytery’
!width=150| ‘garden’
!width=150| ‘language’
!width=150| ‘day’
!width=150| ‘ashes’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbaz''<br />[xalbaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''πρεσβῠτέρῐον''<br />[pre'''zb'''yterion]¹
|style="text-align: center;"| *''urtigardiz ''<br />[ʊrtɪɡardaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''razdō''<br />[ra'''zd'''oː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''dagaz''<br />[daɣaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''askǭ''<br />[a'''sk'''õːˑ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''halbs''<br />[hal'''bs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''praizbwtairei''<br />[prɛ'''zb'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''aurtigards ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ds''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''razda''<br />[ra'''zd'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dags''<br />[da'''ɡs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''azgō''<br />[a'''zɡ'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[hal'''bs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''prezbyterī''<br />[prɛ'''zb'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ortigards ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ds''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''razda''<br />[ra'''zd'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''dags''<br />[da'''ɡs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''azgō''<br />[a'''zɡ'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Vox.I:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''halbz''<br />[hal'''βz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''prespyterī''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ortigarðz ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ðz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''dagz''<br />[da'''ɣz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''askō''<br />[a'''sk'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDCC;"| Vox.II:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''halfs''<br />[hal'''ɸs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''prespyterī''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''ortigarþs ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡz''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''askō''<br />[a'''sk'''oː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hlafs''<br />[hla'''ɸs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''prespyterij''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''rotigraþs''<br />[rɔtɪɡra'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡz''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''askou''<br />[a'''sk'''oʊ̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlavfs''<br />[xla'''fs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''prespiterî''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ɪtɛriː]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rotigraðþs''<br />[rɔtɪɡra'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡʑ''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''asko''<br />[a'''sk'''ɔ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlafs''<br />[xla'''fs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''prespiteri''<br />[pre̞'''sp'''ite̞ri]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rotigraþs''<br />[ro̞tiɡra'''θs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''daǧ''<br />[da'''ʥ''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''aska''<br />[a'''sk'''a]
|}
¹ This is obviously borrowed from Greek into Gothic; it was never a Proto-Germanic word.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| No
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
 
===Clisis & Lexicalisation===
===Clisis & Lexicalisation===
This sort of rule is always a ''little'' bit persistent in most languages; basically, this rule blurs the lines between morpheme and word boundaries resulting in some words being combined (like French ''à''+''les'' → ''aux'') and others becoming independent words where they had previously required another word to affix to.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|600ᴀᴅ: Word Boundaries Shift
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Morphological
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''(optionally): </br ># → + / preposition___determiner</br ># → + / preposition___pronoun</br ># → + / pronoun___pronoun</br >+ → # / ___clitic (ī, uh, hun, u)'''</span><br />
''“Common Germanic clitics may become independent words. Prepositions may fuse with a following determiner or pronoun. Sequential pronouns may be consolidated.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘in the’
!width=150| ‘give it to me’
!width=150| ‘that which’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''in þaimaz''<br />[in θaimaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''geb et mez''<br />[ɡeb et mez]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þanǭ ī''<br />[θanɔ͂ː iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''in þamma''<br />[ɪn θamma]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''gif ita mis''<br />[ɡiɸ ɪta mɪs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þanei''<br />[θaniː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''in þamma''<br />[ɪn ˈθamma]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''gif ita mis''<br />[ɡiɸ ɪta mɪs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þanī''<br />[ˈθaniː]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| (Dis)clisis:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''inþamma''<br />[ɪnˈθamma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''gif it(a)mis''<br />[ɡiɸ ɪt(a)ˈmɪs]¹
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þanī~þan ī''<br />[ˈθaniː~θan iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''inþapma''<br />[ɪnˈθapma]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''gif itmis''<br />[ɡɪɸ ɪtˈmɪs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''þeanij~þan ij''<br />[ˈθæniː~θan iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''inþatma''<br />[ɪnˈθatma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gif itmis ''<br />[ɡɪf ɪtˈmɪs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þenî, þan î''<br />[ˈθɛniː~θan iː]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''inþatma''<br />[inˈθatma]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gif itmis''<br />[ɡif itˈmis]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þeni~þan ī''<br />[θeni~θan iː]
|}
¹ The final ‑a of ''ita'' is deleted around 900ᴀᴅ in the [[#Deletion of Final Unstressed a|Deletion of Final Unstressed [a] Rule]]; this rule may have applied before, after, or even twice.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent but optional.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Chronological Considerations:
| Must occur at a stage after late Griutungi has begun to adopt Latinate pre-verbal pronoun order.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II===
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II===
This is a bit of a “fill-in-the-blanks” rule, which could easily have been rolled into the earlier [[#Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes I|Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes]] rules as a secondary stage, but here it is as a separate rule to try to keep things chronological.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|650ᴀᴅ: Word-final [bz] and [dz] become devoiced.
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050|
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''C[-bck]z → [+cnt][-vox] / ___#'''</span><br />
''“The clusters /bz/ and /dz/ become devoiced (and possibly spirantized, depending on the exact quality of /b/ and /d/ in this environment at this stage). This does not apply to the dorsal /gz/, which remains voiced.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bz → fs<br />dz → þs
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘half’
!width=150| ‘beard’
!width=150| ‘day’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbaz''<br />[halbaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bardaz''<br />[bardaz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgiz''<br />[balɣiz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[halbs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bards''<br />[bards]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgs''<br />[balɡs]¹
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[halbs]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''bards''<br />[bards]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''balgs''<br />[balɡs]¹
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Vox II:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''halfs''<br />[halɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''barþs''<br />[barθs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''balgz''<br />[balgz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hlafs''<br />[xlaɸs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''braþs''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''blagz''<br />[blaɡz]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlavfs''<br />[xlafs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''braðþs ''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''blagz''<br />[blaɡʐ]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlafs''<br />[xlafs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''braþs''<br />[braθs]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''blaǧ''<br />[blaʥ]
|}
¹ In the time of Gothic and Griutungi, the phonotactics of the language was such that voiced stops only occurred word-finally after a liquid. The exact nature of ⟨g⟩ is entirely speculative, but this interpretation assumes that it was a voiced stop.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| No
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'')
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Changes to Geminate Obstruents===
===Changes to Geminate Obstruents===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Obstruents are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[-son] → hC '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a geminate obstruent becomes /h/.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| bb → hb<br />
dd → hd<br />
pp → hp<br />
tt → ht<br />
kk → kh<br />
ff → hf<br />
þþ → hþ<br />
ss → hs
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘egg’
!width=150| ‘speech’
!width=150| ‘father’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''aiją''<br />[ai̯jã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kwissiz''<br />[kwi'''ss'''iz]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''attô''<br />[a'''tt'''oːː]]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''addi''<br />[a'''dd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''qiss''<br />[kwi'''ss''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''atta''<br />[a'''tt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''addi ''<br />[a'''dd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kwiss''<br />[kwi'''ss''']
|style="text-align: center;"| *''atta''<br />[a'''tt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ahdi ''<br />[a'''hd'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kwihs''<br />[kwi'''hs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ahta''<br />[a'''ht'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''ahdi''<br />[a'''hd'''i]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''qvihs''<br />[kwi'''hs''']
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''ahta''<br />[a'''ht'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''âdi''<br />['''aːd'''i]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''qwîs''<br />[kw'''iːs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''âta''<br />['''aːt'''a]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''āde''<br />['''aːd'''e̞]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kwīs''<br />[kw'''iːs''']
|style="text-align: center;"| ''āta''<br />['''aːt'''a]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until the H-Changes of Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting Vh sequences later undergo lengthening in the Middle Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Nasals are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][+nas] → C[-son][-nas][-cnt][-vox]C '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a nasal geminate becomes an unvoiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| mm → pm<br />nn → tn
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘swim’
!width=150| ‘know how’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swemmaną''<br />[swemmanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunnaną''<br />[kunnanã]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þammai''<br />[θammai̯]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swimman''<br />[swɪmman]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunnan''<br />[kʊnnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þamma''<br />[θamma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''swimman ''<br />[swɪmman]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''kunnan''<br />[kʊnnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''þamma''<br />[θamma]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''swipman ''<br />[swɪpman]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''kutnan''<br />[kʊtnan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''þapma''<br />[θapma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''svipman''<br />[swɪpman]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''kutnan''<br />[kʊtnan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''þapma''<br />[θapma]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switman''<br />[switman]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kutnan''<br />[kutnan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatma]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. The resulting pm sequences resulting from mm later undergo shift to tm during [[#Changes_to_Geminate_Nasals_II|Changes to Geminate Nasals II]].
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}<!--===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Liquids are Degeminated
|-
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
|width=1050| Phonemic
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][-nas] → C[-son][-cnt]C '''</span><br />
''“The first consonant of a liquid geminate becomes a voiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
| ll → dl<br />rr → dr
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
| ''/dl/ comes to be realized as [dɮ]. Its exact articulation at the time of this rule is not clear, but is not subject to persistent [[#Spirantisation_II|Spirantisation II]], so not precisely [dl].''
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to fall’
!width=150| ‘far from’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallaną''<br />[fallaną]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferrai''<br />[ferrai̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skellaną''<br />[skellanã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fairra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fadlan ''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlɴ''<br />[fadln̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedrə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''scidlɴ''<br />[skɪdln̩]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fadlan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''skidlan''<br />[skidlan]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
-->
 
===Metathesis===
===Metathesis===
===Deletion of s after r===
===Deletion of s after r===
===s-Clusters Diffused===
===s-Clusters Diffused===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 711ᴀᴅ. Moors from North Africa invade Spain, pushing out the Visigoths.'''
</span>
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 768ᴀᴅ. Reign of Charlemagne begins.'''
</span>
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 793ᴀᴅ. Vikings destroy the church at Lindisfarne.'''
</span>
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
===Umlaut===
===Umlaut===
===Launch of Rhotacism===
===Launch of Rhotacism===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 820ᴀᴅ. Vikings settle in Normandy.'''
</span>
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 860ᴀᴅ. Vikings discover Iceland.'''
</span>
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 866ᴀᴅ. Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great, captures London from the Danes.'''
</span>
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
Line 712: Line 2,050:
===Rhotacism Failure===
===Rhotacism Failure===
===j/z Merger===
===j/z Merger===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.'''
</span>
===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
===Assimilation of h after short vowels===
===Assimilation of h after short vowels===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/361381...368529"