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Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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Phonological history of Valthungian (view source)

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|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən]  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cant''<br />[kant]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cunþa''<br />[kʊnθa]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cenjen''<br />[kɛnjən]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
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|}
|}


<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.'''
'''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.'''
</span>


===Spirantisation II===
===Spirantisation II===
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!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gaskêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''gascêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s]
|-
|-
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|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuklaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''njuclaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯]
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:  
Line 1,728: Line 1,730:
|}
|}


===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I===
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
Line 1,779: Line 1,780:
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:  
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''kutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''cutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə]
|-
|-
Line 1,864: Line 1,865:
| ]
| ]
|}
|}
|}
|}<!--===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
 
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here.
===Changes to Geminate Liquids===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
===Metathesis===
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Liquids are Degeminated
===Deletion of s after r===
|-
===s-Clusters Diffused===
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type:
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
|width=1050| Phonemic
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
|-
===Umlaut===
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
===Launch of Rhotacism===
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][-nas] → C[-son][-cnt]C '''</span><br />
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
''“The first consonant of a liquid geminate becomes a voiced stop in the same place of articulation.”''
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
|-
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive:
===Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]===
| ll → dl<br />rr → dr
 
|-
==Changes from [[Old Valthungian]] to [[Middle Valthungian]] (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)==
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes:
===Defenestration of Greek Fricatives===
| ''/dl/ comes to be realized as [dɮ]. Its exact articulation at the time of this rule is not clear, but is not subject to persistent [[#Spirantisation_II|Spirantisation II]], so not precisely [dl].''
===Changes to Geminate Nasals II===
|-
===Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops===
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
===Rhotacism Failure===
|
{| class="wikitable"
!width=100| &nbsp;
!width=150| ‘to fall’
!width=150| ‘far from’
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallaną''<br />[fallaną]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferrai''<br />[ferrai̯]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skellaną''<br />[skellanã]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fairra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallan''<br />[fallan]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferra''<br />[ferra]
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan]
|-
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fadlan ''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fađlan]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra]
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlɴ''<br />[fadln̩]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedrə]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''scidlɴ''<br />[skɪdln̩]
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fadlan]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedra]
|style="text-align: center;"| ''skidlan''<br />[skidlan]
|}
|-
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit:
| 1100ᴀᴅ
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period.
|-
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory:
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences.
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| p
|width=25| t
|width=25| k
|width=25| kw
|width=25| b
|width=25| d
|width=25| g
|width=25| gw
|width=25| hw
|width=25| f
|width=25| þ
|width=25| s
|width=25| z
|width=25| x
|width=25| h
|width=25| m
|width=25| n
|width=25| l
|width=25| r
|width=25| j
|width=25| w
| ⟩
|-
| /
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n || l || r || j || w
| /
|-
| [
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w
|]
|}
'''Vowels'''
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ⟨
|width=25| i
|width=25| e
|width=25| a
|width=25| o
|width=25| u
|width=25| ī
|width=25| ē
|width=25| ǣ
|width=25| ā
|width=25| ǭ
|width=25| ō
|width=25| ū
|width=25| iu
| ⟩
|-
| /
| i || e || a || o || u
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| iw
| /
|-
| [
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː
| ɪʊ̯
| ]
|}
|}
-->
 
===Metathesis===
===Deletion of s after r===
===s-Clusters Diffused===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 711ᴀᴅ. Moors from North Africa invade Spain, pushing out the Visigoths.'''
</span>
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 768ᴀᴅ. Reign of Charlemagne begins.'''
</span>
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 793ᴀᴅ. Vikings destroy the church at Lindisfarne.'''
</span>
 
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels===
 
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory===
===Umlaut===
===Launch of Rhotacism===
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 820ᴀᴅ. Vikings settle in Normandy.'''
</span>
 
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/===
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 860ᴀᴅ. Vikings discover Iceland.'''
</span>
 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 866ᴀᴅ. Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great, captures London from the Danes.'''
</span>
 
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
===Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]===
 
==Changes from [[Old Valthungian]] to [[Middle Valthungian]] (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)==
===Defenestration of Greek Fricatives===
===Changes to Geminate Nasals II===
===Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops===
===Rhotacism Failure===
===j/z Merger===
===j/z Merger===


 
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;">
'''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.'''
'''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.'''
</span>


===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
===Initial h to þ before a sonorant===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/366008...368529"