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Pomorian North-Western dialects (view source)

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The North-Western group is a dialectal group of the Pomorian language spoken mostly in the eastern part of [[w:Puck County|Puck County]] and in [[w:Rumia|Rumina]], [[w:Reda, Poland|Reda]] and [[w:Gmina Wejherowo|Weiherinå]] gminas (which are the western part of Pomorze wschodnie in Poland). It is often referred to as '''pamarėska uzskąda''' (Western Pomorian), sometimes also as '''pumurėlina guora/galba''' and is considered being a separate language by its native speakers.
The North-Western group is a dialectal group of the Pomorian language spoken mostly in the eastern part of [[w:Puck County|Puck County]] and in [[w:Rumia|Rumina]], [[w:Reda, Poland|Reda]] and [[w:Gmina Wejherowo|Weiherinå]] gminas (which are the western part of Pomorze wschodnie in Poland). It is often referred to as '''pamarėska uzskądoja''' (Western Pomorian), sometimes also as '''pumurėlina guora/galba''' and is considered being a separate language by its native speakers. It's the third most widely spoken dialect currently.
==History==
==History==
Western dialects started diverging from Old Pomorian approximately in the VIth-VIIth century, which is a very long time for a dialect. It came from lands in between [[w:Masuria|Masuria]] and Ziemia lubawska and slowly migrated to its current lands by the end of the XIII century. During this time Western Pomorians came into contact with slavic Pomeranians and their dialect was influenced by [[w:Slovincian language|Slovincian]] and [[w:Kashubian language|Kashubian]] spoken there. A partial assimilation with those peoples gave birth to Northern and South-Western dialects.
Western dialects started diverging from Old Pomorian approximately in the VIth-VIIth century, which is a very long time for a dialect and is more typical for a language. It came from lands in between [[w:Masuria|Masuria]] and Ziemia lubawska and slowly migrated to its current lands by the end of the XIII century. During this time Western Pomorians came into contact with slavic Pomeranians and their dialect was influenced by [[w:Slovincian language|Slovincian]] and [[w:Kashubian language|Kashubian]] spoken there. A partial assimilation with those peoples gave birth to Northern and South-Western dialects.


From the XIII century onwards, Western Pomorians dispersed on the rest Pomorian territory intermixing with local population. During this process Central and Southern dialectal groups began forming and thus creating a dialectal continuum from Western to Eastern groups of dialects.
From the XIII century onwards, Western Pomorians dispersed on the rest Pomorian territory intermixing with local population. During this process Central and Southern dialectal groups began forming and thus creating a dialectal continuum from Western to Eastern groups of dialects.
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The earliest writings in Pomerellian appeared in the XIVth century the most famous of which is "Gudoniskė Predihtė" ("Gdańskie kazania" in Polish). The first written phrase was from 1395: ''"Ate Nassye kao essi annebesseich"'', which is the first line of the Lord's Prayer.
The earliest writings in Pomerellian appeared in the XIVth century the most famous of which is "Gudoniskė Predihtė" ("Gdańskie kazania" in Polish). The first written phrase was from 1395: ''"Ate Nassye kao essi annebesseich"'', which is the first line of the Lord's Prayer.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The Pomerellian phonology is very similar to the standard with main features being:
The Pomerellian phonology is very similar to the standard with main features being:
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! Open-mid
! Open-mid
| e (/æ:/)|| ę /æ̃:/  
| e (/æ:/)|| ę /æ̃:/  
| || ą /ɔ̃:/
| å (/ɔː/)|| ą /ɔ̃:/
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
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|}
|}
'''Note:'''
'''Note:'''
*Allophones /æ:/, /a:/, /ɔ/ appear only under circumflex accent.
*Allophones /æ:/, /a:/, /ɔː/ appear only under circumflex accent.
*Word initial vowels can be pronounced with  a slight [w] (before back vowels) or [j] (before front vowels). For instance, ''ugnì'' - [wʊg.ˈn̪ɪ] (fire). This is much more common before diphthongs, where an approximant is clearly heared and written as in ''vúisi'' - [ˈwuɪ.sɪ] (village), ''jéine'' [ˈjeɪ.n̪ɛ] (one)
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Diphthongs
|+ Diphthongs
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|
|
| t̪͡s̪
| t̪͡s̪
| t͡sʲ~t͡ɕ 1
| t͡sʲ~t͡ɕ <sup>1</sup>
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| d̪͡z̪
| d̪͡z̪
| d͡zʲ~d͡ʑ 1
| d͡zʲ~d͡ʑ <sup>1</sup>
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! {{small|voiceless}}
! {{small|voiceless}}
| (f) 2
| (f) <sup>2</sup>
| s̪
| s̪
| sʲ~ɕ 1  ʆ 3
| sʲ~ɕ <sup>1</sup> ʆ <sup>3</sup>
|
|
| h
| h <sup>4</sup>
|-
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
! {{small|voiced}}
|
|
| z̪
| z̪
| zʲ~ʑ 1
| zʲ~ʑ <sup>1</sup>
|
|
| (ɦ) 4
| (ɦ) <sup>4</sup>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
| r
| r
| (rʲ) 5
| (rʲ)/(r̝) <sup>5</sup>
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| w~ʋ 6
| w~ʋ <sup>6</sup>
|
|
| j
| j
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|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
*1 Depends on speaker. Affricates [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ] are considered to be a Polish influence.
*1 Depends on a speaker. Affricates [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ] are considered to be a Polish influence.
*2 Occures only in borrowings.
*2 Occures only in borrowings.
*3 Pronunciation varies from [ʃ] to [ʂ] in different speakers with the latter being more common.
*3 Pronunciation varies from [ʃ] to [ʂ] in different speakers with the latter being more common.
*4 [ɦ] is an allophone of /h/ in the intervocal position.
*4 [ɦ] is an allophone of /h/ in the intervocal position. Usually [h] is spelled ''ch'' as in old traditional system. At the end of the word this sound can undergo fortition to [x] unlike in the standard where it is always lax and can even disappear in a fast speech.
*5 Does not appear in most North-Western dialects and is usually pronounced as as a sequence [rj] or plain [r]. It is also pronounced as [r̝] by some northern speakers - a unique feature of the Northern dialect.
*5 Does not appear in most North-Western dialects and is usually pronounced as as a sequence [rj] or plain [r]. It is also pronounced as [r̝] by some northern speakers - a unique feature of the Northern dialect.
*6 [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones.
*6 [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones. Some, mostly second-language speakers pronounce it as [v] (and [f] near voiceless consonants).
 
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
The Western dialect has a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accent]] while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the falling accent - ''tvírdagalså'' - which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave) and the rising accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). However in some words with the rising accent in the standard there is a falling accent (''tvirdagalså'') while ''tvirdagalså certå'' can be retracted to a previous syllable. For example ''dąbù'' (oak) is ''dǻmbu'' in Western dialect and ''doambu'' in Northern.
The Western dialect has a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accent]] while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the rising accent - ''tvírdagalså'' - which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave) and the falling accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). However in some words with the rising accent in the standard there is a falling accent (''tvirdagalså'') while ''tvirdagalså certå'' can be retracted to a previous syllable. For example ''dąbù'' (oak) is ''dǻmbu'' in Western dialect and ''doambu'' in Northern.
 
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
North-Western Pomorian nouns decline in a similar way to the standard patterns. The main difference is a dual number being fully present in every declension and not just as a relics as in the Pomorian proper.  Nouns have seven cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''', '''Dative''', '''Accusative''', '''Instrumental''', '''Locative''' and '''Vocative'''.
====First declension====
'''-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| gróde = hail
! colspan=3| galvà = head
! colspan=3| mùrjå = sea
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|gród'''e''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė'''
|galv'''à''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o'''
|mùrj'''å''' ||mùrj'''ė''' ||murj'''ó'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|gród'''o''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ų'''
|galv'''ó''' ||galv'''óu''' ||galv'''ų́'''
|mùrj'''o''' ||murj'''uõ''' ||murj'''ų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|gród'''ou''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''am'''
|gãlv'''ei''' ||galv'''ómu''' ||gàlv'''om'''
|mùrj'''ou''' ||murj'''àmu''' ||mùrj'''am'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|gród'''ą''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''u'''
|gãlv'''ą''' ||gàlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''e'''
|mùrj'''ą''' ||mùrj'''ė''' ||mùrj'''e'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|gród'''um''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''ėmy'''
|gãlv'''ają''' ||gãlv'''ómu''' ||galv'''omy͂'''
|mùrj'''åm''' ||murj'''àmu''' ||murj'''amy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|gród'''ė''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ėch'''
|gàlv'''ojė''' ||gãlv'''ou''' ||gãlv'''os'''
|murj'''ėjė͂''' ||mùrj'''uõ''' ||mùrj'''os'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|gród'''ei''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė'''
|gãlv'''a''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o'''
|mùrj'''a''' ||mùrj'''ė''' ||mùrj'''o'''
|-
|}
====Second declension====
'''-i (masculine), -i (feminine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| zvėrì = mammal
! colspan=3| ugnì = fire
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|zvėr'''ì''' ||zvė́r'''i''' ||zvė́r'''ije'''
|ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''ý'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|zvėr'''ý''' ||zvėr'''iuõ''' ||zvėr'''ijų́'''
|ugn'''ý''' ||ugn'''iúo''' ||ugn'''ių́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|zvė́r'''iui''' ||zvėr'''ìmu''' ||zvėr'''ìm'''
|ugn'''éi''' ||ugn'''ìmu''' ||ugn'''ìm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|zvė́r'''į''' ||zvė́r'''i''' ||zvė͂r'''į'''
|ugn'''į́''' ||ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''į́'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|zvė́r'''im''' ||zvėr'''ìmu''' ||zvėr'''imy͂'''
|ugn'''ìją''' ||ugn'''ìmu''' ||ugn'''ìmy'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|zvėr'''ie͂''' ||zvėr'''iuõ''' ||zvė́r'''ich'''
|ugn'''ýjė''' ||ugn'''iúo''' ||ugn'''ìch'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|zvė́r'''ie''' ||zvė́r'''i''' ||zvėr'''ie͂'''
|ugn'''ý''' ||ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''ý'''
|-
|}
====Third declension====
'''-u (masculine, neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| sūnù = son
! colspan=3| ledù = ice
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|sūn'''ù''' ||sū́n'''ū''' ||sū͂n'''ave'''
|led'''ù''' ||lèd'''ū''' ||le͂d'''ū'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|sūn'''uõ''' ||sūn'''óu''' ||sū́n'''avų'''
|led'''uõ''' ||led'''óu''' ||led'''ų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|sū́n'''ave''' ||sūn'''ùmu''' ||sūn'''ùm'''
|lèd'''ou''' ||led'''ùmu''' ||led'''ùm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|sū͂n'''ų''' ||sū́n'''ū''' ||sū͂n'''ų'''
|le͂d'''ų''' ||lèd'''ū''' ||le͂d'''ų'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|sū́n'''um''' ||sūn'''ùmu''' ||sūn'''umy͂'''
|lèd'''um''' ||led'''ùmu''' ||led'''umy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|sūn'''óu''' ||sūn'''óu''' ||sū́n'''uch'''
|led'''ùju''' ||led'''óu''' ||lèd'''uch'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|sūn'''uõ''' ||sū́n'''ū''' ||sū͂n'''ave'''
|led'''uõ''' ||lèd'''ū''' ||le͂d'''ū'''
|-
|}
====Fourth declension====
'''-ū (feminine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| brū͂ = eyebrow
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|br'''ū͂''' ||br'''ùvi''' ||br'''ùvy'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|br'''uvý'''  ||br'''ùvuo''' ||br'''uvų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|br'''uvė́'''  ||br'''uvìmu''' ||br'''ùvim'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|br'''ùvų''' ||br'''ùvi''' ||br'''ùvų'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|br'''ùve''' ||br'''uvìmu''' ||br'''uvimy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|br'''uvė́''' ||br'''ùvuo''' ||br'''ùvich'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|br'''ùvy''' ||br'''ùvi''' ||br'''ùvy'''
|-
|}
====Fifth declension====
'''*-n (feminine), *-n (neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| elū́ = deer
! colspan=3| ìmnę = name
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|el'''ū́''' ||el'''èni''' ||el'''èny'''
|ìmn'''ę''' ||imn'''èni''' ||imn'''enè'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|el'''èny''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el'''ènų'''
|imn'''ený''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||imn'''enų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|el'''èniė''' ||el'''ènimu''' ||el'''ènim'''
|ìmn'''enė''' ||imn'''ènimu''' ||imn'''enìm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|el'''ènį''' ||el'''èni''' ||el'''ènį'''
|ìmn'''enį''' ||imn'''èni''' ||ìmn'''enį'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|el'''ène''' ||el'''ènimu''' ||el'''ènimy'''
|ìmn'''enim''' ||imn'''ènimu''' ||imn'''enimy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|el'''ènė''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el'''ènis'''
|imn'''enė́''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||ìmn'''enis'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|el'''ène''' ||el'''èni''' ||el'''èny'''
|ìmn'''ene''' ||ìmn'''eni''' ||ìmn'''enė'''
|-
|}
====Sixth declension====
'''*-t, *-s *-r (neuter, feminine), bróti (-r, masculine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| telę́ = calf
! colspan=3| kãkla = wheel
! colspan=3|bróti = brother
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|tel'''ę́''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́te'''
|kãkl'''a''' ||kãkl'''esi''' ||kakl'''esè'''
|brót'''i''' ||brót'''eri''' ||brót'''erė'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|tel'''ę́ty''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tų'''
|kãkl'''esy''' ||kakl'''esuõ''' ||kakl'''esų́'''
|brót'''ery''' ||brót'''eruo''' ||brót'''erų'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́timu''' ||tel'''ę́tim'''
|kãkl'''esė''' ||kakl'''esĩmu''' ||kakl'''esìm'''
|brót'''erė''' ||brót'''erimu''' ||brót'''erim'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|tel'''ę́tį''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́tį'''
|kãkl'''esį''' ||kãkl'''esi''' ||kàkl'''esį'''
|brót'''erį''' ||brót'''eri''' ||brót'''erį'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|tel'''ę́tim''' ||tel'''ę́timu''' ||tel'''ę́timy'''
|kãkl'''esim''' ||kakl'''esĩmu''' ||kakl'''esimy͂'''
|brót'''erim''' ||brót'''erimu''' ||brót'''erimy'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tis'''
|kakl'''erė́''' ||kakl'''esuõ''' ||kàkl'''esis'''
|brót'''erė''' ||brót'''eruo''' ||brót'''eris'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́tė'''
|kakl'''ese͂''' ||kàkl'''esi''' ||kakl'''esė́'''
|brót'''ere''' ||brót'''eri''' ||brót'''erė'''
|-
|}
===Verbs===
Every Pomorian verb belongs to one of four different conjugations:
*'''The first''' conjugation, which has different subgroups in it, contains verbs whose infitives end in '''-ti before a consonant'''. There are some irregulare verb patterns in this conjugation. In Northern dialect some '''-oti''' verbs belong to this conjugation.
*'''The second''' conjugation encompasses verbs with infintive form endings '''-ėti (with -ėj- in the present tense)''', '''-oti''','''uoti'''. Verbs with infinitives ending in '''-įti''' and is a subclass of this conjugation.
*'''The third''' conjugation contains verbs with infintives ending in '''-yti''' and some in '''-ėti'''.
*'''The fourth''' conjugation contains verbs with infinitives ending in '''-outi'''
*'''The fifth''' conjugation, usually considered a subgroup of the first one, include verbs with an /ui/ diphthong in their infinitives.
*'''The sixth''' conjugation contains few old athematic and auxillary verbs. Almost all of these verbs are irregular.
====Active Voice====
=====Simple tenses=====
'''Present tense'''
This tense describe present or ongoing events without a definite time. Conjugation types are marked with numbers.
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''1'''
! colspan=1| '''2a'''
! colspan=1| '''2b'''
! colspan=1| '''3'''
! colspan=1| '''4'''
! colspan=1| '''5'''
! colspan=1| '''6'''
|-
!
!'''vestì - to lead'''
!'''zinóti - to know'''
!'''sodínti - to set'''
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
!'''krykóuti - to shout'''
!'''múiti - to wash'''
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|ved'''å̀''' ||zin'''ójå''' ||sod'''ìnå''' ||zõd'''iå''' || krýk'''nå''' ||mù'''jå''' ||'''esmì'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|ved'''èsi'''  ||zin'''ójesi''' ||sod'''ìnesi''' ||zõď'''esi''' ||krýk'''nesi''' ||mù'''jesi''' ||'''esì'''
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|ved'''è'''  ||zin'''óje''' ||sod'''ìne''' ||zõď'''e''' || krýk'''ne''' ||mù'''je''' ||'''e͂s'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We (dual)'''
|ved'''evà''' ||zin'''ójeva''' ||sod'''ìneva''' ||zoď'''evà''' || krýk'''neva''' ||mu'''jevà''' ||'''esvà'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (dual)'''
|ved'''età'''  ||zin'''ójeta''' ||sod'''ìneta''' ||zoď'''età''' || krýk'''neta''' ||mu'''jetà''' ||'''està'''
|-
|align="right" |'''They (dual)'''
|ved'''è'''  ||zìn'''oje''' ||sód'''ine''' ||zõď'''e''' || krýk'''ne''' ||mu'''jè''' ||'''e͂ste'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|ved'''èmu''' ||zin'''ójemu''' ||sod'''ìnemu''' ||zoď'''èmu''' || krýk'''nemu''' ||mù'''jemu''' ||'''esmù'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|ved'''ète''' ||zin'''ójete''' ||sod'''ìnete''' ||zoď'''ète''' || krýk'''nete''' ||mù'''jete''' ||'''estè'''
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|ved'''ą́''' ||zin'''óją''' ||sod'''ìną''' ||zõd'''ią''' || krýk'''ną''' ||mù'''ją''' ||'''są͂'''
|-
|}
'''Future tense'''
Modern Pomerellian has no synthetic future tense just like the standard. Only the verb ''būti'' has an additional simple '''future tense''' which conjugates like present, but using the n-form  '''bųsti''' instead. This form similarly to English "will" is used together with other verbs to create various analytic aspects of the future tense. For example: ''bundå zodyti'' (I will decide); ''bundå zodiuo, kad pudzėďes'' (I will have decided by the time you ask (me)). Some other verbs like ''jeiti'' (to go), ''stoti'' (to stand), ''lyti'' (to rain) or ''dėti'' (to place) have the n-form to indicate events expected in the future. In Eastern dialects this form became a new future tense.
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|búndå
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|búndes
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|búnde
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|búndeva
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|búndeta
|-
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|búndete
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|búndemu
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|búndete
|-
|align="right" |'''They'''
|búndą
|-
|}
However an archaic form of a synthetic future tense had been seldom used by the end of the XXth century especially in folklore, where it can still be found nowadays. These are just some relics like ''būšęsiå tåmou'' (I will be there, stative); ''Doďeši mė bėtu kelkå peningo?'' (Will you give me some money, please?)
'''Past tense'''
This is the basic tense to describe actions in the past.
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=1| '''1'''
! colspan=1| '''2a'''
! colspan=1| '''2b'''
! colspan=1| '''3'''
! colspan=1| '''4'''
! colspan=1| '''5'''
! colspan=1| '''6'''
|-
!
!'''vestì - to lead'''
!'''zinóti - to know'''
!'''sodínti - to set'''
!'''zodýti - to decide'''
!'''krykóuti - to shout'''
!'''múiti - to wash'''
!'''bū́ti - to be'''
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|ved'''uõ''' ||zin'''ójuo''' ||sod'''ìnuo''' ||zod'''uõ''' || krýk'''nuo''' ||mu'''júo''' ||'''buvù'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|ved'''éi'''  ||zin'''ójei''' ||sod'''ìnei''' ||zõď'''ei''' ||krýk'''nei''' ||mu'''jéi''' ||'''buvì'''
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|ved'''ė́'''  ||zin'''ójė''' ||sod'''ìnė''' ||zõď'''ė''' || krýk'''nė''' ||mù'''jė''' ||'''bū͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We (dual)'''
|ved'''èvė''' ||zin'''ojèvė''' ||sod'''inèvė''' ||zoď'''èvė''' || krýk'''nevė''' ||mu'''jèvė''' ||'''bùvė'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (dual)'''
|ved'''èva'''  ||zin'''ojèva''' ||sod'''inèva''' ||zoď'''èva''' || krýk'''neva''' ||mu'''jètė''' ||'''bùva'''
|-
|align="right" |'''They (dual)'''
|vèd'''et'''  ||zìn'''ojet''' ||sód'''inet''' ||zóď'''et''' || krýk'''net''' ||mù'''jet''' ||'''bùve'''
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|ved'''óme''' ||zin'''ójome''' ||sod'''ìnome''' ||zoď'''óme''' || krýk'''nome''' ||mu'''jóme''' ||'''buvóme'''
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|ved'''ė́te''' ||zin'''ójėte''' ||sod'''ìnėte''' ||zoď'''ė́te''' || krýk'''nėte''' ||mu'''jė́te''' ||'''buvóte'''
|-
|align="right"|'''They'''
|vèd'''ę''' ||zin'''óję''' ||sod'''ìnę''' ||zóď'''ę''' || krýk'''nę''' ||mù'''ję''' ||'''bùvę'''
|-
|}
'''Aorist'''
Aorist is an archaic feature of Pomorian which is preserved only in North-Western dialects an is usually used with irregular verbs. This tense describes both past and present events that happen(ed) in general, without asserting a time, meaning that it just describes an action neither its duration nor its result.
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
! colspan=2|'''ìmti - to have'''
|-
|align="right"|'''I'''
|imū́hu
|-
|align="right"|'''You (singular)'''
|imū́ši
|-
|align="right" |'''He/She/It'''
|imū́šė
|-
|align="right"|'''We two'''
|imūhóvė
|-
|align="right"|'''You two'''
|imūhótė
|-
|align="right" |'''They two'''
|imū́hot
|-
|align="right"|'''We'''
|imū́šėmu
|-
|align="right"|'''You (plural)'''
|imū́šėte
|-
|align="right" |'''They'''
|imū́šę
|-
|}
The usage of this tense was found in Gdańsk chronics from the early XVth century. It mentioned that peasants had almost no crops and asked God to give them some food to eat, but God refused to give the food because those people were pagans unlike christian Germans who lived in the city. They said: ''Hleiban dādāšimes. Dāi nāme ir sin deinin!'' (You gave us bread (before). Give us (it) this day too!). In modern Pomorian this would be: ''Hlėbå nome buvei dovušu. Doďi nomu ji šį dienį!'' It's not known whether this event really happened or it was a story created to encourage local people converting into christianity.
=====Compound tenses=====
Compound tenses and moods are the same as in the Pomorian proper, but North-Western dialects have some additional ones. Here only the additional moods are listed: frequentative (expresses repeating actions), conditional (represents events happening under some conditions), desiderative (expresses wishes and desires). All of them use a verb ''būti'', ''imti'' (usually to express necessity) or ''vilti/cesti'' (in '''desiderative''', where a special word form from old optative is preserved, for instance: ''Velie mė'' ("I would like"), ''Velie be mė'' ("I would have wanted") and a respectful participle (using supine or infintive instead is also possible in North-Western and in Eastern dialects it's the only way to use these moods).
====Participles====
Like the standard Pomorian the Pomerellian dialect has a lot of participles. In fact it has even more types of them, 17 in total. But sometimes an adjectival and its correspondent adverbial participles are counted as a single type (with adjectival and adverbial endings). Every adjectival participle can decline for case, number and gender, but only masculine singular forms are listed below. These types are:
{|
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
!Adjectival ||'''vėsti/vėdoti - to know'''
|-
!align="right" width=170|'''active present'''
|vėdante/vėdą
|-
!align="right"|'''active past'''
|vėdavu/vėdou
|-
!align="right" |'''passive present'''
|vėdame
|-
!align="right"|'''passive past'''
|vėdone
|-
!align="right"|'''the l-participle (active perfect)'''
|vėdalu
|-
!align="right" |'''the t-participle (passive perfect)'''
|vėdatu
|-
!align="right"|'''the nť-participle (active present continuous)'''
|vėdantiu
|-
!align="right"|'''the š-participle (active past continuous)'''
|vėdovušu
|-
!align="right" |'''present frequentative'''
|vėdovuošu
|-
!align="right" |'''past frequentative'''
|vėdoulu
|-
!align="right" |'''necessitative (the int-participle)'''
|vėdintine
|-
|}
|
{|class=wikitable collapsible collapsed style=text-align:center
!Adverbial ||'''vėsti/vėdoti - to know'''
|-
!align="right" width=170|active present
|vėdontou
|-
!align="right"|active past
|vėdovou
|-
!align="right" |passive present
|vėdomou
|-
!align="right"|passive past
|vėdonou
|-
!align="right"|the nť-participle (active present continuous)
|vėdantė/vėdojantė
|-
!align="right" |conditional
|vėduoťi/vėdojuoťi
|-
|}
|}


[[Category:Pamarėska]]
[[Category:Pamarėska]]
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