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:[[Pradiul/Swadesh list]]
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
Line 4: Line 6:
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =  
|nativename=Γtiϝἀρ<br/>''Pradiul''
|pronunciation=   
|pronunciation=   
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region =  
|region = Talma
|familycolor=tergetic
|familycolor=tergetic
|fam1=[[Lakovic]]
|fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
|script=Windermere script
|fam2=Ashanic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Trây''' is a minor [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoallian]] language. It's inspired by Slavic languages and Khmer.  
'''Pradiul''' (temporary name) is a minority [[Tergetian]] language of Talma inspired by Khmer and my ([[User:IlL]]'s) Germanic conlang [[Thedish]]. It is a descendant of [[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]], and it belongs to the [[Anbirese]]-[[Ciètian]] sprachbund.
==Gibberish==
 
Châdmađưth yôkhzhêm txel vrâte exphrova ôngâstô adliv sringanhu.
Numbers: dån, riat, stiev, smiåχ, miuc, tiaχ, båθ, szep, laj, þiaf, saju, sriuχ
 
Mariet ri mie Ven Dami = I live in Wen Dămea


Found in my old Bolon article:
==Diachronics==
Hơ! Hee! Nu ẞíwesơn zôviêz nhey Yươstúlɟeng ʼơư Winthúnưtzeh mangchưanưmaß!
a e i o u ü ah eh ih oh uh üh > ia e ie a o io iå y i å u iu


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
===Consonants===
|+ '''Consonant phonemes of Pradjuul'''
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! colspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|pal.}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|pal.}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|pal.}}
! {{small|pal.}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|pal.}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
| '''m''' m || '''mj''' mʲ
!colspan="2" | Labial
| '''n''' n̪ || '''nj''' nʲ
!colspan="2" | Dental
| ||
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
| '''ŋj''' ɲ || '''ŋ''' ŋ
!colspan="2" | Postalveolar
| ||
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! <small>hard</small>
! | <small>plain</small>
! <small>soft</small>
| '''p''' p || '''pj''' pʲ
! <small>hard</small>
| '''t''' t̪ || '''tj''' tʲ
! <small>soft</small>
|  ||
! <small>hard</small>
| '''kj''' c || '''k''' k
! <small>soft</small>
| '''ʔ''' ʔ || '''ʔj''' ʔʲ
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
|-
! | <small>implosive</small>
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''b''' ɓ || '''bj''' ɓʲ
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''mi''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''d''' ɗ || '''dj''' ɗʲ
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''ni''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|
| ||
| ||
| '''ņi''' {{IPA|ɲ}} || '''ņ''' {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || '''pi''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''ti''' {{IPA|tʲ}} 
|
|
| ||
| ||
| '''ki''' {{IPA|c}}|| '''k''' {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || '''bi''' {{IPA|bʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|d̪}} || '''di''' {{IPA|dʲ}}
|
|
| ||
| ||
| '''gi''' {{IPA|ɟ}} || '''g''' {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
!<small>aspirated</small>
| colspan="2" |
|||
| '''ts''' t̪͡s̪ || '''tsj''' t͡sʲ
| '''θ''' {{IPA|tʰ}} || '''θi''' {{IPA|tʰʲ}}
| colspan="2" |
|
|
| ||
| ||  
| ||  
| ||
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
!colspan="2" | Affricate
! {{small|voiceless}}
| ||
| '''f''' f || '''fj''' fʲ
| '''c''' {{IPA|ts}} || '''ci''' {{IPA|tɕ}}
| '''s''' s̪ || '''sj''' sʲ
|
| '''sh''' ʃ || '''shj''' ʃʲ
|
| '''xj, hj''' ç || '''x''' x
| '''cz''' {{IPA|tʂ}} || '''czi''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''h''' h ||
| ||  
|
|-
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
!colspan="2"|Fricative
| rowspan="2" | '''v''' v || rowspan="2" | '''vj''' vʲ
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''fi''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| colspan="2" |
| ||
| colspan="2" |
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''si''' {{IPA|ɕ}}
| ||
| '''sz''' {{IPA|ʂ}} || '''szi''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| ||
| '''chi''' {{IPA|ç}}
| '''ch''' {{IPA|x}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
!colspan=2| Resonant
| '''l''' ɫ̪
| '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''vi''' {{IPA|vʲ}}
| '''lj''' lʲ
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''li''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
| colspan="2" |
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}} || '''ri''' {{IPA|ɾʲ}}
| '''y''' j ||  
| ||
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
| colspan="2" |
| '''r''' r || '''rj''' rʲ
| colspan="2" |
| ||
| ||
| ||
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|}
|}


Allowed finals: '''p t k m n ng l r y w h ʔ''' /p t k m n ŋ ɫ̪ r j w h ʔ/
Palatalization is neutralized for word-final consonants, however they assimilate to the palatalization of the next consonant: ''dån fniud'' [danʲ fʲnʲud] 'one day'. The only exception is word-final /v/ which is always [w].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
i ʉ u e ɵ o a iː ʉː uː eː ɵː oː aː iə ʉə uə
'''a/ia e/ie o/io å/iå y/i u/iu''' /a e o u i u/
 
'''å''' was a different vowel /oə~uə/ in the earliest days of written Pradiul, but has merged with '''u''' /u/ for all modern speakers.
 
Unstressed vowel: /ə/ (spelled '''a''' if nonpalatalizing and '''i''' if palatalizing)
 
===Stress===
Stress is always final, as in Windermere.
===Phonotactics===
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.


(In Pradjuul > 'i 'u u i 'ə ə a 'iː 'uː uː iː 'əː aː 'aː 'iə 'uə uə)
Here is a list (modulo palatalization) by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):
*Cl: pl, tl, cl, kl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
*Cr: pr, tr, cr, kr, br, dr, gr, fr, þr, chr, sr
*Cm: tm, þm, km, chm, sm
*Cn: fn, kn, chn, sn
*Cņ: fņ, tņ, þņ, chņ, sņ
*Cv: tv, þv, kv, chv, gv, sv
*sC: sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sņ, sl, sr, sv
*chC: chm, chn, chņ, chl, chr


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
==Script==
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''î''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''û''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
|
| '''e''' /ə/
| '''ê''' /ə/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''â''' /aː/
|
|
|}


==Grammar==
==Morphology==
Similar to Talmic languages? Inflected prepositions, etc.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Plural: ''x-/i-''
Like Modern Windermere, Pradiul has two articles, the definite article ''fie'' and the specific article ''sie'' (from demonstratives ''fie'' 'that' and ''sie'' 'this'; cognate to Windermere ''fi'' and ''se'' with the same meanings).
 
Noun plurals are different from Windermere and use incopyfixation instead of a fixed affix: ''knol'' 'leaf', ''kalnol'' 'leaves'. (compare Windermere ''cnul'', pl. ''imcnul'')
 
===Verbs===
Verbs display split-ergativity like in [[Anbirese]] and [[Ciètian]].
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitives'''


Possessive affixes:
:''Siåf fie paszå mie skiaθ codun.''
*''rê-'' = 1sg
:go blow DEF wind LOC blow everywhere
*''se-'' = 2sg
:The wind is blowing everywhere.
*''hâ-'' = 3sg
*''rêm-'' = 1pl
*''sem-'' = 2pl
*''ham-'' = 3pl


===Adpositions===
:''Snakiaþ fie paszå codun.''
Trây has no true cases or adpositions (more basic semantic relations such as dative are expressed by applicatives). There are relational nouns (often with irregular inflection) that function similarly to adpositions.
:{{angbr|PST}}blow DEF wind everywhere
:The wind blew everywhere.
{{col-break}}
'''Transitives'''


comitative: ''txed, bod, had, divê, lavê, hevê''
:''Siåf fie chmåp mie kmil.''
:go DEF people LOC vote
:The people are voting.


===Verbs===
:''Ties, jin mong plafnane he fie chmåp chos fie nuplakå Bichand!''
Bipersonal affixes are portmanteau affixes
:oh_no, 3SG.M REL {{angbr|PST}}elect ERG DEF people as DEF president Bjeheond
:Oh no, the people have elected *him* as president of Bjeheond!
{{col-end}}
 
===Prepositions===
Talmic-style inflected prepositions
 
sza: to
*szar, szasz, szan, szas, szaf, szac, szang, szaszam, szam
 
mie: at, in
*mier, miesz, mien, mies, mief, miec, mieng, miszam, miam


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Trây]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
IlL
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