Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA)

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Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

|Type =No |Alignment =No |Head =No |Tonal =No |Declined =No |Conjugated =No |Genders =No |Case =No |NNumber =No |Definiteness =No |Gender =No |Voice =No |Mood =No |Person =No |VNumber =No |Tense =No |Aspect =No |NounCases =No |NounDefinite =No |NounNumber =No |NounGender =No |VerbPerson =No |VerbNumber =No |VerbAspect =No |VerbTense =No |VerbMood =No |VerbVoice =No |AdjCase =No |AdjNumber =No |AdjDefinite =No |AdjGender =No |AdjComparative =No |AdjSuperlative =No |Supine =No |Gerund =No |Participle =No |Infinitive =No |Modality =No |Phonology =No |Words =No |Creator =Caesar05

Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA) also known as Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP) is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger.

The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.

Classification, Dialects and proto-Antarctican

As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.

Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce.

Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups: nuclear, central and peripheral.

  • Group A: nuclear PPA (descendant of late PPA).
  • Group B: Central PPA (indistinct mixture of groups A and B).
  • Group C: peripheral PPA (descendant of early PPA).

proto-Antarctican descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. proto-Antarctican emerged as a Creole of Creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the early PPA and vulgar words derived from the late PPA.

Phonology

The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable. See: Early PPA and Late PPA

Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150)

The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Stop Voiceless p t ʈ c k ʔ
Voiced b d ɟ g
Fricative Voiceless f s ʃ x h
Voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Liquid Rhotic β r ɻ ɾ
Lateral l ɭ

Vowels and approximants

Front Central Back
Approximant j w
High i ɨ u
ɪ ʊ
Mid e ə o
ɛ ɔ
Low a

Tones

While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.

Complex Simplified Diacritic
High ˦˥ ˦ á (Acute accent)
Mid ˦˧˨ (˧) a (Without accent)
Low ˨˩ ˨ à (Grave accent)

Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250)

Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop Voiceless p t k
Voiced b d g
Fricative f s h
Liquid Rhotic r
Lateral l

Vowels and approximants

Front Central Back
Approximant j w
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

Writing System

At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.

N. Letter IPA Name Origin N. Letter IPA Name Origin N. Letter IPA Name Origin
1 m /m/ em English 2 i /i/ i English 3 c /k/ kii English
4 y /j/ j English 5 u /u/ u English 6 a /a/ a English
7 p /p/ pii English 8 w /w/ wii English 9 n /n/ en English
10 t /t/ tii English 11 l /l/ el English 12 s /s/ es English
13 b /b/ bii English 14 ng /ŋ/ eŋ English 15 e /e/ e English
16 o /o/ o English 17 g /g/ gii English 18 h /h/ heɪtʃ English
19 d /d/ dii English 20 r /r/ ere Spanish 21 f /f/ efe Spanish
22 ñ /ɲ/ eɲe Spanish 23 ch /ʃ/ ʃe Spanish 24 - /ʔ/ giʔon Spanish
25 é /ɛ/ ɛ Spanish 26 ó /ɔ/ ɔ Spanish 27 z /z/ zeta Spanish
28 ll /ʒ/ eʒe Spanish 29 v /v/ ve Spanish 30 р /ɾ/ ɛɾ Russian
31 а /ə/ ə Russian 32 х /x/ xa Russian 33 ы /ɨ/ ɨ Russian
34 tt /ʈ/ ʈe French 35 /ɪ/ ɪ Korean 36 /ɣ/ ɣa Japanese
37 /c/ cii Chinese 38 ù /ʊ/ ʊ Italian 39 nk /ɳ/ ɛɳ German
40 /ɟ/ ɟə Hindi 41 lh /ɭ/ ɛɭi Portuguese 42 wh /β/ βee Dutch
43 р' /ɻ/ ɛɻ Ukrainian

Grammar

Nouns

Verbs

Syntax

Lexicon

Origin of lexicon

The data on the languages of origin of the words are based on the official and most spoken languages of the countries with scientific and military stations and bases in Antarctica between 2010 and 2020. For a while there was speculation that the 10 most spoken languages in the world at that time might have contributed a small addition of words, but this hypothesis was later discarded.

Language Words
English 467
Spanish 248
Russian 105
French 32
Korean 30
Japanese 29
Chinese 28
Italian 23
German 18
Hindi 17
Portuguese 15
Dutch 14
Norwegian 10
Polish 10
Ukrainian 5
Afrikaans 4
Xhosa 4
Zulu 4
Swedish 4
Finnish 3
Czech 2
Romanian 2
Bulgarian 2

It is assumed that most words retained their original pronunciation, spelling and meaning in the early pidgin phase, although this changed later. See: proto-Antarctican.

Origin of vocabulary

Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.

Meaning Category Source language Original writing Original pronunciation Simplified scheme
yesterday adverb Afrikaans gister ˈχəs.tər χəstər
skirt noun Afrikaans rok rɔk rɔk
trousers noun Afrikaans broek bruk bruk
yesterday noun Afrikaans gister ˈχəs.tər χəstər
haveto modalverb Bulgarian trjábvam (тря́бвам ) ˈtrʲa̟bvəm tɾabvəm
icecream noun Bulgarian sladoléd (сладоле́д) sɫədoˈlʲɛt sɫədoʎɛt
angry adjective Chinese fènnù (憤怒) fə̀nnʷùː fənɴuu
busy adjective Chinese máng (忙) máŋ maŋ
sick adjective Chinese bìng (病) pʲə̀ŋ ɸpəŋ
welcome adjective Chinese shòuhuānyíng (受歡迎) ʂə̀uxʷǣnjə́ŋ ʂəuχænjəŋ
welcome exclamation Chinese huānyíng guānglín (歡迎光臨) xʷǣnjə́ŋkʷāŋlʲín χænjəŋqaŋʎin
yes exclamation Chinese shìde (是的) ʂʐ̩̀ːtɤ ʂʐʐtɤ
aunt noun Chinese yímā (姨媽) íːmāː iimaa
bicycle noun Chinese zìxíngchē (自行車) tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ
bike noun Chinese zìxíngchē (自行車) tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ
blog noun Chinese bókè (博客) pʷóːkʰɤ̀ː fpookxɤɤ
bread noun Chinese miànbāo (麵包) mʲæ̀npāu βmænpau
cheese noun Chinese qǐsī (起司) tɕʰǐːsz̩̄ː tθɕiiszz
chicken noun Chinese jī (雞) tɕīː tɕii
classroom noun Chinese kètáng (課堂) kʰɤ̀ːtʰáŋ kxɤɤtθaŋ
cooking noun Chinese pēng (烹) pʰə̄ŋ pfəŋ
dish noun Chinese pánzi (盤子) pʰǽntsz̩ pfæntsz
dollar noun Chinese měiyuán (美元) mə̌iɥǽn məiɥæn
grandmother noun Chinese zǔmǔ (祖母) tsʷǔːmʷǔː tʂuuvmuu
nose noun Chinese bízi (鼻子) pʲíːtsz̩ ɸpiitsz
photograph noun Chinese zhàopiàn (照片) ʈʂàupʰʲæ̀n ʈʂaupɸæn
routine noun Chinese chángguī (常規) ʈʂʰáŋkʷə̄i ʈθʂaŋqəi
spelling noun Chinese pīnzì (拼字) pʰʲīntsz̩̀ː pɸintszz
Thursday noun Chinese zhōusì (週四) ʈʂə̄usz̩̀ː ʈʂəuszz
Tuesday noun Chinese zhōu'èr (週二) ʈʂə̄uə̀r ʈʂəuər
seventeen number Chinese shíqī (十七) ʂʐ̩́ːtɕʰīː ʂʐʐtθɕii
climb verb Chinese pāndēng (攀登) pʰǣntə̄ŋ pfæntəŋ
hate verb Chinese hèn (恨) xə̀n xən
welcome verb Chinese huānyíng (歡迎) xʷǣnjə́ŋ χænjəŋ
thirsty adjective Czech žíznivý ˈʒiːzɲɪviː ʒiizɲɪvii
grandparent noun Czech prarodič ˈpra-ˈroɟɪt͡ʃ praroɟɪtʃ
hello exclamation Dutch hallo ɦɑˈloː ɦɑloo
hey exclamation Dutch hoi ɦɔi̯ ɦɔi
OK exclamation Dutch oké oˈke oke
banana noun Dutch banaan baːˈnaːn baanaan
bathroom noun Dutch badkamer ˈbɑtˌkaː.mər bɑtkaamər
dad noun Dutch pa paː paa
lesson noun Dutch les lɛs lɛs
sandwich noun Dutch sandwich ˈsɛnd.ʋɪtʃ sɛndʋɪtʃ
supermarket noun Dutch supermarkt ˈsy.pərˌmɑrkt sypərmɑrkt
toilet noun Dutch wc ʋeːˈseː ʋeesee
vegetable noun Dutch groente ˈɣrun.tə ɣruntə
somebody pronoun Dutch iemand ˈi.mɑnt imɑnt
thank verb Dutch bedanken bəˈdɑŋkə(n) bədɑŋkən
wash verb Dutch wassen ˈʋɑsə(n) ʋɑsən
best adjective English best best best
big adjective English big bɪg bɪg
black adjective English black blæk blæk
blue adjective English blue bluː bluu
brown adjective English brown bɹaʊn bɹaʊn
capital adjective English capital ˈkæpɪtl kæpɪtl
common adjective English common ˈkɒɑːmən kɒɑɑmən
different adjective English different ˈdɪfɹənt dɪfɹənt
early adjective English early ˈɜːɹli ɜɜɹli
east adjective English east iːst iist
family adjective English family ˈfæməli fæməli
few adjective English few fjuː fjuu
final adjective English final ˈfaɪnl faɪnl
free adjective English free fɹiː fɹii
front adjective English front fɹʌnt fɹʌnt
full adjective English full fʊl fʊl
good adjective English good gʊd gʊd
great adjective English great gɹeɪt gɹeɪt
green adjective English green gɹiːn gɹiin
high adjective English high haɪ haɪ
important adjective English important ɪmˈpɔːɹtnt ɪmpɔɔɹtnt
large adjective English large lɑːɹdʒ lɑɑɹdʒ
late adjective English late leɪt leɪt
left adjective English left left left
light adjective English light laɪt laɪt
little adjective English little ˈlɪtl lɪtl
local adjective English local ˈləʊkl ləʊkl
long adjective English long lɒɔːŋ lɒɔɔŋ
main adjective English main meɪn meɪn
married adjective English married ˈmæɹid mæɹid
modern adjective English modern ˈmɒɑːdəɹn mɒɑɑdəɹn
natural adjective English natural ˈnætʃɹəl nætʃɹəl
near adjective English near nɪəɹ nɪəɹ
new adjective English new njuː njuu
next adjective English next nekst nekst
north adjective English north nɔːɹθ nɔɔɹθ
old adjective English old əʊld əʊld
only adjective English only ˈəʊnli əʊnli
open adjective English open ˈəʊpən əʊpən
other adjective English other ˈʌðəɹ ʌðəɹ
own adjective English own əʊn əʊn
personal adjective English personal ˈpɜːɹsənl pɜɜɹsənl
popular adjective English popular ˈpɒɑːpjələɹ pɒɑɑpjələɹ
possible adjective English possible ˈpɒɑːsəbl pɒɑɑsəbl
present adjective English present ˈpɹeznt pɹeznt
real adjective English real ˈɹiːəl ɹiiəl
red adjective English red ɹed ɹed
right adjective English right ɹaɪt ɹaɪt
same adjective English same seɪm seɪm
short adjective English short ʃɔːɹt ʃɔɔɹt
similar adjective English similar ˈsɪmələɹ sɪmələɹ
small adjective English small smɔːl smɔɔl
south adjective English south saʊθ saʊθ
special adjective English special ˈspeʃl speʃl
strong adjective English strong stɹɒɔːŋ stɹɒɔɔŋ
well adjective English well wel wel
west adjective English west west west
white adjective English white waɪt waɪt
young adjective English young jʌŋ jʌŋ
about adverb English about əˈbaʊt əbaʊt
above adverb English above əˈbʌv əbʌv
across adverb English across əˈkɹɒɔːs əkɹɒɔɔs
again adverb English again əˈgen əgen
also adverb English also ˈɔːlsəʊ ɔɔlsəʊ
around adverb English around əˈɹaʊnd əɹaʊnd
away adverb English away əˈweɪ əweɪ
back adverb English back bæk bæk
behind adverb English behind bɪˈhaɪnd bɪhaɪnd
below adverb English below bɪˈləʊ bɪləʊ
down adverb English down daʊn daʊn
each adverb English each iːtʃ iitʃ
early adverb English early ˈɜːɹli ɜɜɹli
east adverb English east iːst iist
even adverb English even ˈiːvn iivn
far adverb English far fɑːɹ fɑɑɹ
first adverb English first fɜːɹst fɜɜɹst
home adverb English home həʊm həʊm
how adverb English how haʊ haʊ
however adverb English however haʊˈevəɹ haʊevəɹ
in adverb English in ɪn ɪn
just adverb English just dʒʌst dʒʌst
late adverb English late leɪt leɪt
later adverb English later ˈleɪtəɹ leɪtəɹ
left adverb English left left left
long adverb English long lɒɔːŋ lɒɔɔŋ
more adverb English more mɔːɹ mɔɔɹ
most adverb English most məʊst məʊst
much adverb English much mʌtʃ mʌtʃ
near adverb English near nɪəɹ nɪəɹ
never adverb English never ˈnevəɹ nevəɹ
next adverb English next nekst nekst
north adverb English north nɔːɹθ nɔɔɹθ
not adverb English not nɒɑːt nɒɑɑt
now adverb English now naʊ naʊ
off adverb English off ɒɔːf ɒɔɔf
often adverb English often ˈɒɔːfn ɒɔɔfn
on adverb English on ɒɑːn ɒɑɑn
once adverb English once wʌns wʌns
only adverb English only ˈəʊnli əʊnli
out adverb English out aʊt aʊt
outside adverb English outside ˌaʊtˈsaɪd aʊtsaɪd
over adverb English over ˈəʊvəɹ əʊvəɹ
right adverb English right ɹaɪt ɹaɪt
same adverb English same seɪm seɪm
so adverb English so səʊ səʊ
sometimes adverb English sometimes ˈsʌmtaɪmz sʌmtaɪmz
soon adverb English soon suːn suun
south adverb English south saʊθ saʊθ
still adverb English still stɪl stɪl
then adverb English then ðen ðen
there adverb English there ðeəɹ ðeəɹ
through adverb English through θɹuː θɹuu
today adverb English today təˈdeɪ tədeɪ
together adverb English together təˈgeðəɹ təgeðəɹ
too adverb English too tuː tuu
under adverb English under ˈʌndəɹ ʌndəɹ
up adverb English up ʌp ʌp
usually adverb English usually ˈjuːʒuəli juuʒuəli
very adverb English very ˈveɹi veɹi
well adverb English well wel wel
west adverb English west west west
when adverb English when wen wen
where adverb English where weəɹ weəɹ
be auxiliaryverb English be bi bi
do auxiliaryverb English do
and conjunction English and ənd ənd
because conjunction English because bɪˈkəz bɪkəz
but conjunction English but bət bət
if conjunction English if ɪf ɪf
or conjunction English or ɔːɹ ɔɔɹ
so conjunction English so səʊ səʊ
than conjunction English than ðən ðən
that conjunction English that ðət ðət
until conjunction English until ənˈtɪl əntɪl
when conjunction English when wen wen
where conjunction English where weəɹ weəɹ
the definitearticle English the ðə ðə
all determiner English all ɔːl ɔɔl
another determiner English another əˈnʌðəɹ ənʌðəɹ
any determiner English any ˈeni eni
both determiner English both bəʊθ bəʊθ
each determiner English each iːtʃ iitʃ
every determiner English every ˈevɹi evɹi
few determiner English few fjuː fjuu
first determiner English first fɜːɹst fɜɜɹst
half determiner English half hɑːæf hɑɑæf
her determiner English her həɹ həɹ
his determiner English his hɪz hɪz
its determiner English its ɪts ɪts
last determiner English last lɑːæst lɑɑæst
little determiner English little ˈlɪtl lɪtl
many determiner English many ˈmeni meni
more determiner English more mɔːɹ mɔɔɹ
most determiner English most məʊst məʊst
much determiner English much mʌtʃ mʌtʃ
my determiner English my maɪ maɪ
no determiner English no nəʊ nəʊ
one determiner English one wʌn wʌn
second determiner English second ˈsekənd sekənd
some determiner English some sʌm sʌm
that determiner English that ðæt ðæt
their determiner English their ðeəɹ ðeəɹ
this determiner English this ðɪs ðɪs
what determiner English what wɒʌt wɒʌt
which determiner English which wɪtʃ wɪtʃ
no exclamation English no nəʊ nəʊ
well exclamation English well wel wel
a indefinitearticle English a ə ə
to infinitivemarker English to
can modalverb English can kən kən
could modalverb English could kəd kəd
must modalverb English must məst məst
should modalverb English should ʃəd ʃəd
will modalverb English will wɪl wɪl
would modalverb English would wʊd wʊd
action noun English action ˈækʃn ækʃn
age noun English age eɪdʒ eɪdʒ
air noun English air eəɹ eəɹ
airport noun English airport ˈeəɹpɔːɹt eəɹpɔɔɹt
April noun English April ˈeɪpɹəl eɪpɹəl
area noun English area ˈeəɹiə eəɹiə
art noun English art ɑːɹt ɑɑɹt
artist noun English artist ˈɑːɹtɪst ɑɑɹtɪst
August noun English August ɔːˈgʌst ɔɔgʌst
back noun English back bæk bæk
band noun English band bænd bænd
bank noun English bank bæŋk bæŋk
beginning noun English beginning bɪˈgɪnɪŋ bɪgɪnɪŋ
bill noun English bill bɪl bɪl
black noun English black blæk blæk
blue noun English blue bluː bluu
body noun English body ˈbɒɑːdi bɒɑɑdi
book noun English book bʊk bʊk
brother noun English brother ˈbɹʌðəɹ bɹʌðəɹ
brown noun English brown bɹaʊn bɹaʊn
building noun English building ˈbɪldɪŋ bɪldɪŋ
business noun English business ˈbɪznəs bɪznəs
capital noun English capital ˈkæpɪtl kæpɪtl
car noun English car kɑːɹ kɑɑɹ
career noun English career kəˈɹɪəɹ kəɹɪəɹ
centre noun English centre ˈsentəɹ sentəɹ
century noun English century ˈsentʃəɹi sentʃəɹi
change noun English change tʃeɪndʒ tʃeɪndʒ
child noun English child tʃaɪld tʃaɪld
city noun English city ˈsɪti sɪti
class noun English class klɑːæs klɑɑæs
club noun English club klʌb klʌb
college noun English college ˈkɒɑːlɪdʒ kɒɑɑlɪdʒ
company noun English company ˈkʌmpəni kʌmpəni
country noun English country ˈkʌntɹi kʌntɹi
course noun English course kɔːɹs kɔɔɹs
culture noun English culture ˈkʌltʃəɹ kʌltʃəɹ
cup noun English cup kʌp kʌp
daughter noun English daughter ˈdɔːtəɹ dɔɔtəɹ
day noun English day deɪ deɪ
December noun English December dɪˈsembəɹ dɪsembəɹ
design noun English design dɪˈzaɪn dɪzaɪn
east noun English east iːst iist
end noun English end end end
event noun English event ɪˈvent ɪvent
example noun English example ɪgˈzɑːæmpl ɪgzɑɑæmpl
family noun English family ˈfæməli fæməli
father noun English father ˈfɑːðəɹ fɑɑðəɹ
February noun English February ˈfebɹuəɹi febɹuəɹi
festival noun English festival ˈfestɪvl festɪvl
film noun English film fɪlm fɪlm
fire noun English fire ˈfaɪəɹ faɪəɹ
food noun English food fuːd fuud
football noun English football ˈfʊtbɔːl fʊtbɔɔl
form noun English form fɔːɹm fɔɔɹm
front noun English front fɹʌnt fɹʌnt
future noun English future ˈfjuːtʃəɹ fjuutʃəɹ
game noun English game geɪm geɪm
green noun English green gɹiːn gɹiin
group noun English group gɹuːp gɹuup
half noun English half hɑːæf hɑɑæf
head noun English head hed hed
health noun English health helθ helθ
help noun English help help help
history noun English history ˈhɪstɹi hɪstɹi
home noun English home həʊm həʊm
hospital noun English hospital ˈhɒɑːspɪtl hɒɑɑspɪtl
house noun English house haʊs haʊs
information noun English information ˌɪnfəɹˈmeɪʃn ɪnfəɹmeɪʃn
interest noun English interest ˈɪntɹəst ɪntɹəst
island noun English island ˈaɪlənd aɪlənd
January noun English January ˈdʒænjuəɹi dʒænjuəɹi
July noun English July dʒuˈlaɪ dʒulaɪ
June noun English June dʒuːn dʒuun
land noun English land lænd lænd
language noun English language ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ læŋgwɪdʒ
left noun English left left left
library noun English library ˈlaɪbɹəɹi laɪbɹəɹi
life noun English life laɪf laɪf
light noun English light laɪt laɪt
line noun English line laɪn laɪn
list noun English list lɪst lɪst
love noun English love lʌv lʌv
magazine noun English magazine ˌmægəˈziːn mægəziin
man noun English man mæn mæn
March noun English March mɑːɹtʃ mɑɑɹtʃ
market noun English market ˈmɑːɹkɪt mɑɑɹkɪt
match noun English match mætʃ mætʃ
May noun English May meɪ meɪ
member noun English member ˈmembəɹ membəɹ
model noun English model ˈmɒɑːdl mɒɑɑdl
money noun English money ˈmʌni mʌni
mother noun English mother ˈmʌðəɹ mʌðəɹ
mountain noun English mountain ˈmaʊntən maʊntən
museum noun English museum mjuˈziːəm mjuziiəm
music noun English music ˈmjuːzɪk mjuuzɪk
name noun English name neɪm neɪm
news noun English news njuːz njuuz
night noun English night naɪt naɪt
north noun English north nɔːɹθ nɔɔɹθ
November noun English November nəʊˈvembəɹ nəʊvembəɹ
number noun English number ˈnʌmbəɹ nʌmbəɹ
October noun English October ɒɑːkˈtəʊbəɹ ɒɑɑktəʊbəɹ
office noun English office ˈɒɑːfɪs ɒɑɑfɪs
order noun English order ˈɔːɹdəɹ ɔɔɹdəɹ
park noun English park pɑːɹk pɑɑɹk
part noun English part pɑːɹt pɑɑɹt
party noun English party ˈpɑːɹti pɑɑɹti
people noun English people ˈpiːpl piipl
period noun English period ˈpɪəɹiəd pɪəɹiəd
place noun English place pleɪs pleɪs
plan noun English plan plæn plæn
plant noun English plant plɑːænt plɑɑænt
play noun English play pleɪ pleɪ
player noun English player ˈpleɪəɹ pleɪəɹ
point noun English point pɔɪnt pɔɪnt
police noun English police pəˈliːs pəliis
post noun English post pəʊst pəʊst
practice noun English practice ˈpɹæktɪs pɹæktɪs
present noun English present ˈpɹeznt pɹeznt
project noun English project ˈpɹɒɑːdʒekt pɹɒɑɑdʒekt
radio noun English radio ˈɹeɪdiəʊ ɹeɪdiəʊ
red noun English red ɹed ɹed
result noun English result ɹɪˈzʌlt ɹɪzʌlt
return noun English return ɹɪˈtɜːɹn ɹɪtɜɜɹn
right noun English right ɹaɪt ɹaɪt
river noun English river ˈɹɪvəɹ ɹɪvəɹ
road noun English road ɹəʊd ɹəʊd
school noun English school skuːl skuul
science noun English science ˈsaɪəns saɪəns
sea noun English sea siː sii
second noun English second ˈsekənd sekənd
section noun English section ˈsekʃn sekʃn
September noun English September sepˈtembəɹ septembəɹ
show noun English show ʃəʊ ʃəʊ
son noun English son sʌn sʌn
song noun English song sɒɔːŋ sɒɔɔŋ
south noun English south saʊθ saʊθ
space noun English space speɪs speɪs
star noun English star stɑːɹ stɑɑɹ
station noun English station ˈsteɪʃn steɪʃn
story noun English story ˈstɔːɹi stɔɔɹi
street noun English street stɹiːt stɹiit
study noun English study ˈstʌdi stʌdi
style noun English style staɪl staɪl
success noun English success səkˈses səkses
summer noun English summer ˈsʌməɹ sʌməɹ
team noun English team tiːm tiim
television noun English television ˈtelɪvɪʒn telɪvɪʒn
theatre noun English theatre ˈθiːətəɹ θiiətəɹ
time noun English time taɪm taɪm
title noun English title ˈtaɪtl taɪtl
today noun English today təˈdeɪ tədeɪ
town noun English town taʊn taʊn
TV noun English TV ˌtiː ˈviː tiivii
type noun English type taɪp taɪp
university noun English university ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːɹsəti juunɪvɜɜɹsəti
video noun English video ˈvɪdiəʊ vɪdiəʊ
village noun English village ˈvɪlɪdʒ vɪlɪdʒ
water noun English water ˈwɔːtəɹ wɔɔtəɹ
way noun English way weɪ weɪ
week noun English week wiːk wiik
west noun English west west west
white noun English white waɪt waɪt
wife noun English wife waɪf waɪf
woman noun English woman ˈwʊmən wʊmən
work noun English work wɜːɹk wɜɜɹk
world noun English world wɜːɹld wɜɜɹld
writing noun English writing ˈɹaɪtɪŋ ɹaɪtɪŋ
year noun English year jɪəɹ jɪəɹ
eight number English eight eɪt eɪt
five number English five faɪv faɪv
four number English four fɔːɹ fɔɔɹ
million number English million ˈmɪljən mɪljən
one number English one wʌn wʌn
seven number English seven ˈsevn sevn
six number English six sɪks sɪks
ten number English ten ten ten
three number English three θɹiː θɹii
two number English two tuː tuu
first ordinalnumber English first fɜːɹst fɜɜɹst
fourth ordinalnumber English fourth fɔːɹθ fɔɔɹθ
second ordinalnumber English second ˈsekənd sekənd
third ordinalnumber English third θɜːɹd θɜɜɹd
about preposition English about əˈbaʊt əbaʊt
above preposition English above əˈbʌv əbʌv
across preposition English across əˈkɹɒɔːs əkɹɒɔɔs
after preposition English after ˈɑːæftəɹ ɑɑæftəɹ
around preposition English around əˈɹaʊnd əɹaʊnd
as preposition English as əz əz
at preposition English at ət ət
before preposition English before bɪˈfɔːɹ bɪfɔɔɹ
behind preposition English behind bɪˈhaɪnd bɪhaɪnd
below preposition English below bɪˈləʊ bɪləʊ
between preposition English between bɪˈtwiːn bɪtwiin
by preposition English by baɪ baɪ
down preposition English down daʊn daʊn
during preposition English during ˈdjʊəɹɪŋ djʊəɹɪŋ
for preposition English for fəɹ fəɹ
from preposition English from fɹəm fɹəm
in preposition English in ɪn ɪn
into preposition English into ˈɪntə ɪntə
like preposition English like laɪk laɪk
near preposition English near nɪəɹ nɪəɹ
of preposition English of əv əv
off preposition English off ɒɔːf ɒɔɔf
on preposition English on ɒɑːn ɒɑɑn
out preposition English out aʊt aʊt
over preposition English over ˈəʊvəɹ əʊvəɹ
than preposition English than ðən ðən
through preposition English through θɹuː θɹuu
to preposition English to
under preposition English under ˈʌndəɹ ʌndəɹ
until preposition English until ənˈtɪl əntɪl
up preposition English up ʌp ʌp
with preposition English with wɪð wɪð
without preposition English without wɪˈðaʊt wɪðaʊt
all pronoun English all ɔːl ɔɔl
another pronoun English another əˈnʌðəɹ ənʌðəɹ
any pronoun English any ˈeni eni
both pronoun English both bəʊθ bəʊθ
each pronoun English each iːtʃ iitʃ
few pronoun English few fjuː fjuu
half pronoun English half hɑːæf hɑɑæf
he pronoun English he hi hi
her pronoun English her həɹ həɹ
him pronoun English him hɪm hɪm
I pronoun English I
it pronoun English it ɪt ɪt
little pronoun English little ˈlɪtl lɪtl
many pronoun English many ˈmeni meni
me pronoun English me mi mi
more pronoun English more mɔːɹ mɔɔɹ
most pronoun English most məʊst məʊst
much pronoun English much mʌtʃ mʌtʃ
one pronoun English one wʌn wʌn
other pronoun English other ˈʌðəɹ ʌðəɹ
own pronoun English own əʊn əʊn
same pronoun English same seɪm seɪm
she pronoun English she ʃi ʃi
some pronoun English some sʌm sʌm
that pronoun English that ðæt ðæt
them pronoun English them ðəm ðəm
they pronoun English they ðeɪ ðeɪ
this pronoun English this ðɪs ðɪs
us pronoun English us əs əs
we pronoun English we wi wi
what pronoun English what wɒʌt wɒʌt
when pronoun English when wen wen
which pronoun English which wɪtʃ wɪtʃ
who pronoun English who huː huu
you pronoun English you juː juu
be verb English be bi bi
become verb English become bɪˈkʌm bɪkʌm
born verb English born bɔːɹn bɔɔɹn
change verb English change tʃeɪndʒ tʃeɪndʒ
close verb English close kləʊz kləʊz
come verb English come kʌm kʌm
design verb English design dɪˈzaɪn dɪzaɪn
do verb English do duː duu
end verb English end end end
form verb English form fɔːɹm fɔɔɹm
get verb English get get get
go verb English go gəʊ gəʊ
have verb English have həv həv
help verb English help help help
include verb English include ɪnˈkluːd ɪnkluud
interest verb English interest ˈɪntɹəst ɪntɹəst
like verb English like laɪk laɪk
list verb English list lɪst lɪst
live verb English live lɪv lɪv
love verb English love lʌv lʌv
make verb English make meɪk meɪk
match verb English match mætʃ mætʃ
name verb English name neɪm neɪm
open verb English open ˈəʊpən əʊpən
order verb English order ˈɔːɹdəɹ ɔɔɹdəɹ
park verb English park pɑːɹk pɑɑɹk
plan verb English plan plæn plæn
play verb English play pleɪ pleɪ
post verb English post pəʊst pəʊst
put verb English put pʊt pʊt
return verb English return ɹɪˈtɜːɹn ɹɪtɜɜɹn
run verb English run ɹʌn ɹʌn
see verb English see siː sii
show verb English show ʃəʊ ʃəʊ
start verb English start stɑːɹt stɑɑɹt
study verb English study ˈstʌdi stʌdi
take verb English take teɪk teɪk
use verb English use juːz juuz
win verb English win wɪn wɪn
work verb English work wɜːɹk wɜɜɹk
homework noun Finnish kotitehtävä ˈkotiˌtehtæʋæ kotitehtæʋæ
mum noun Finnish äiti ˈæi̯ti æiti
sweater noun Finnish villapaita ˈʋilːɑˌpɑi̯tɑ ʋillɑpɑitɑ
warm adjective French chaleureux ʃa.lœ.ʁø ʃalœʁø
afternoon noun French après-midi a.pʁɛ.mi.di apʁɛmidi
answer noun French réponse ʁe.pɔ̃s ʁepɔns
beer noun French bière bjɛʁ bjɛʁ
clock noun French l'horloge ɔʁ.lɔʒ ɔʁlɔʒ
detail noun French détail de.taj detaj
dialogue noun French dialogue dja.lɔg djalɔg
diet noun French diète djɛt djɛt
dress noun French robe ʁɔb ʁɔb
metre noun French mètre mɛtʁ mɛtʁ
Monday noun French lundi lœ̃.di lœndi
paint noun French peinture pɛ̃.tyʁ pɛntyʁ
photo noun French photo fɔ.to fɔto
phrase noun French phrase fʁaz fʁaz
telephone noun French téléphone te.le.fɔn telefɔn
worker noun French ouvrier u.vʁi.je uvʁije
sixteen number French seize sɛz sɛz
thirteen number French treize tʁɛz tʁɛz
answer verb French répondre ʁe.pɔ̃dʁ ʁepɔndʁ
ask verb French demander də.mɑ̃.de dəmɑnde
decide verb French décider de.si.de deside
discuss verb French discuter dis.ky.te diskyte
dress verb French habiller a.bi.je abije
explain verb French expliquer ɛk.spli.ke ɛksplike
fill verb French remplir ʁɑ̃.pliʁ ʁɑnpliʁ
hear verb French entendre ɑ̃.tɑ̃dʁ ɑntɑndʁ
lie verb French mentir mɑ̃.tiʁ mɑntiʁ
paint verb French peinturer pɛ̃.ty.ʁe pɛntyʁe
sleep verb French dormir dɔʁ.miʁ dɔʁmiʁ
teach verb French enseigner ɑ̃.sɛ.ɲe ɑnsɛɲe
telephone verb French téléphoner te.le.fɔ.ne telefɔne
wake verb French réveiller ʁe.vɛ.je ʁevɛje
cheap adjective German billig ˈbɪlɪç bɪlɪç
fantastic adjective German fantastisch fanˈtastɪʃ fantastɪʃ
terrible adjective German schrecklich ˈʃʁɛklɪç ʃʁɛklɪç
wonderful adjective German wunderbar ˈvʊndɐˌbaːɐ̯ vʊndɐbaaɐ
maybe adverb German vielleicht fiˈlaɪ̯çt filaɪçt
please exclamation German bitte ˈbɪtə bɪtə
cafe noun German Café kaˈfeː kafee
email noun German Email ˈiːˌmɛɪ̯l iimɛɪl
gym noun German Fitnessstudio ˈfɪt.nəsˌʃtuː.di.o fɪtnəsʃtuudio
lunch noun German Mittagessen ˈmɪtakʔɛsn mɪtakʔɛsn
meal noun German Mahlzeit ˈmaːlˌt͡saɪ̯t maaltsaɪt
passport noun German Reisepass ˈʁaɪ̯zəˌpas ʁaɪzəpas
pepper noun German Pfeffer ˈpfɛfɐ pfɛfɐ
pound noun German Pfund pfʊnt pfʊnt
tooth noun German Zahn t͡saːn tsaan
umbrella noun German Regenschirm ˈʁeːgn̩ʃɪɐ̯m ʁeegnʃɪɐm
nobody pronoun German niemand ˈniːmant niimant
prefer verb German bevorzugen ˌbəˈfoːɐ̯tsuːgn bəfooɐtsuugn
afraid adjective Hindi bhaybhīt (भयभीत) bʱəj.bʱiːt̪ βəjβiit
exciting adjective Hindi romāñcak (रोमांचक) ɾoː.mɑːn.t͡ʃək ɾoomɑɑntʃək
tomorrow adverb Hindi kal (कल) kəl kəl
bye exclamation Hindi alvidā (अलविदा) əl.ʋɪ.d̪ɑː əlʋɪdɑɑ
bedroom noun Hindi śayankakṣ (शयनकक्ष) ʃə.jən.kəkʂ ʃəjənkəkʂ
boot noun Hindi būṭ (बूट) buːʈ buuʈ
cake noun Hindi kek (केक) keːk keek
cow noun Hindi gāy (गाय) gɑːj gɑɑj
desk noun Hindi mez (मेज़) meːz meez
pig noun Hindi sūar (सूअर) suː.əɾ suuəɾ
shoe noun Hindi jūtā (जूता) d͡ʒuː.t̪ɑː dʒuutɑɑ
tomorrow noun Hindi kal (कल) kəl kəl
vacation noun Hindi chuṭṭī (छुट्टी) t͡ʃʰʊʈ.ʈiː tθʃʊʈʈii
nineteen number Hindi unnīs (उन्नीस) ʊn.niːs ʊnniis
sixty number Hindi sāṭh (साठ) sɑːʈʰ sɑɑʈθ
everybody pronoun Hindi har koī (हर कोई) ɦəɾ‿koː.iː ɦəɾkooii
compare verb Hindi tulnā karnā (तुलना करना) t̪ʊl.nɑː kəɾ.nɑː tʊlnɑɑkəɾnɑɑ
amazing adjective Italian stupefacente stu.pe.faˈt͡ʃɛn.te stupefatʃɛnte
dirty adjective Italian sporco ˈspɔr.ko spɔrko
funny adjective Italian divertente di.verˈtɛn.te divertɛnte
sad adjective Italian triste ˈtri.ste triste
tonight adverb Italian stanotte staˈnɔt.te stanɔtte
bag noun Italian borsa ˈbor.sa borsa
bottle noun Italian bottiglia botˈtiʎ.ʎa bottiʎʎa
boyfriend noun Italian fidanzato fi.danˈt͡sa.to fidantsato
breakfast noun Italian colazione ko.latˈt͡sjo.ne kolattsjone
chocolate noun Italian cioccolato t͡ʃok.koˈla.to tʃokkolato
ear noun Italian orecchio oˈrek.kjo orekkjo
elephant noun Italian elefante e.leˈfan.te elefante
exam noun Italian esame eˈza.me ezame
mistake noun Italian errore erˈro.re errore
shirt noun Italian camicia kaˈmi.t͡ʃa kamitʃa
taxi noun Italian taxi ˈtak.si taksi
teenager noun Italian adolescente a.do.leʃˈʃɛn.te adoleʃʃɛnte
tonight noun Italian questa sera ˈkwe.sta ˈse.ra kwestasera
visitor noun Italian visitatore vi.zi.taˈto.re vizitatore
email verb Italian emailare i.mɛjˈla.re imɛjlare
listen verb Italian ascoltare a.skolˈta.re askoltare
repeat verb Italian ripetere riˈpɛ.te.re ripɛtere
swim verb Italian nuotare nwoˈta.re nwotare
fat adjective Japanese futoi (太い) ɸɯ̟ᵝto̞i ɸutoi
healthy adjective Japanese genki (元気) gẽ̞ŋʲkʲi geɲci
nice adjective Japanese yoi (良い) jo̞i joi
pretty adjective Japanese kawaii (可愛い) ka̠ɰᵝa̠ii kɐwɐii
quiet adjective Japanese shizuka (静か) ɕizɨᵝka̠ ɕizʉkɐ
pretty adverb Japanese ikubun (幾分) ikɯ̟ᵝbɯ̟̃ᵝɴ ikubuɴ
oh exclamation Japanese ā (ああ) a̠ː ɐɐ
clothes noun Japanese fuku (服) ɸɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝ ɸuku
conversation noun Japanese taiwa (対話) ta̠iɰᵝa̠ tɐiwɐ
cream noun Japanese kurīmu (クリーム) kɯ̟ᵝɾʲiːmɯ̟ᵝ kuɾiimu
dictionary noun Japanese jisho (辞書) (d͡)ʑiɕo̞ dʑiɕo
egg noun Japanese tamago (卵) ta̠ma̠go̞ tɐmɐgo
euro noun Japanese yūro (ユーロ) jɯ̟ᵝːɾo̞ juuɾo
girlfriend noun Japanese kanojo (彼女) ka̠no̞ʑo̞ kɐnoʑo
hat noun Japanese bōshi (帽子) bo̞ːɕi booɕi
midnight noun Japanese yonaka (夜中) jo̞na̠ka̠ jonɐkɐ
mouse noun Japanese nezumi (鼠) ne̞zɨᵝmʲi nezʉβmi
nurse noun Japanese kangoshi (看護師) kã̠ŋgo̞ɕi kɐŋgoɕi
pen noun Japanese pen (ペン) pẽ̞ɴ peɴ
reader noun Japanese dokusha (読者) do̞kɯ̟̊ᵝɕa̠ dokuɕɐ
skill noun Japanese sukiru (スキル) sɨᵝkʲiɾɯ̟ᵝ sʉciɾu
Wednesday noun Japanese suiyōbi (水曜日) sɨᵝijo̞ːbʲi sʉijooβbi
eighteen number Japanese jūhachi (十八) (d͡)ʑɨᵝːha̠t͡ɕi dʑʉʉhɐtɕi
forty number Japanese shijū (四十) ɕiʑɨᵝː ɕiʑʉʉ
enjoy verb Japanese tanoshimu (楽しむ) ta̠no̞ɕimɯ̟ᵝ tɐnoɕimu
happen verb Japanese hassei suru (発生する) ha̠sːe̞ː sɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ hɐsseesʉɾu
introduce verb Japanese shōkai suru (紹介する) ɕo̞ːka̠i sɨᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ ɕookɐisʉɾu
remember verb Japanese oboeru (覚える) o̞bo̞e̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ oboeɾu
sit verb Japanese suwaru (座る) sɨᵝɰᵝa̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ sʉwɐɾu
cool adjective Korean siwonhada (시원하다) ɕʰiwʌ̹nɦa̠da̠ θɕiwʌnɦɐdɐ
favourite adjective Korean choeae (최애) ˈt͡ɕʰwe̞(ː)ɛ tθɕweeɛ
interesting adjective Korean heungmiropda (흥미롭다) ˈxɯ(ː)ŋmiɾo̞p̚t͈a̠ xɯɯŋmiɾopttɐ
purple adjective Korean jaju (자주) ˈt͡ɕa̠(ː)d͡ʑu tɕɐɐdʑu
quick adjective Korean ppareuda (빠르다) p͈a̠ɾɯda̠ ppɐɾɯdɐ
sure adjective Korean hwaksilhada (확실하다) ɸwa̠kɕ͈iɾɦa̠da̠ ɸwɐkɕɕiɾɦɐdɐ
bath noun Korean yokjo (욕조) jok̚t͡ɕ͈o̞ joktɕɕo
cent noun Korean senteu (센트) s͈e̞ntʰɯ ssentθɯ
customer noun Korean gogaek (고객) ko̞gɛk̚ kogɛk
dancer noun Korean chumchuda saram (춤추다 사람) t͡ɕʰumt͡ɕʰuda̠ ˈsʰa̠(ː)ɾa̠m tθɕumtθɕudɐθsɐɐɾɐm
dinner noun Korean jeonyeok (저녁) t͡ɕʌ̹ɲʌ̹k̚ tɕʌɲʌk
drink noun Korean eumnyo (음료) ˈɯ(ː)mɲo ɯɯmɲo
farmer noun Korean sigol saram (시골 사람) ɕʰigo̞ɭ ˈsʰa̠(ː)ɾa̠m θɕigoɭθsɐɐɾɐm
favourite noun Korean choeae (최애) ˈt͡ɕʰwe̞(ː)ɛ tθɕweeɛ
kitchen noun Korean bueok (부엌) puʌ̹k̚ puʌk
lion noun Korean saja (사자) ˈsʰa̠(ː)d͡ʑa̠ θsɐɐdʑɐ
purple noun Korean jaju (자주) ˈt͡ɕa̠(ː)d͡ʑu tɕɐɐdʑu
sheep noun Korean yang (양) ja̠ŋ jɐŋ
snake noun Korean baem (뱀) pɛ(ː)m pɛɛm
topic noun Korean juje (주제) t͡ɕud͡ʑe̞ tɕudʑe
fifty number Korean osip (오십) ˈo̞(ː)ɕʰip̚ ooθɕip
fourteen number Korean sipsa (십사) ɕʰips͈a̠ θɕipssɐ
agree verb Korean dong'uihada (동의하다) to̞ŋɰiɦa̠da̠ toŋɰiɦɐdɐ
arrive verb Korean dochakhada (도착하다) ˈto̞(ː)t͡ɕʰa̠kʰa̠da̠ tootθɕɐkxɐdɐ
check verb Korean hwaginhada (확인하다) ɸwa̠ginɦa̠da̠ ɸwɐginɦɐdɐ
drink verb Korean masida (마시다) ma̠ɕʰida̠ mɐθɕidɐ
eat verb Korean meokda (먹다) mʌ̹k̚t͈a̠ mʌkttɐ
prepare verb Korean junbihada (준비하다) ˈt͡ɕu(ː)nbiɦa̠da̠ tɕuunbiɦɐdɐ
spell verb Korean cheoljahada (철자하다) t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎd͡ʑa̠ɦa̠da̠ tθɕʌʎdʑɐɦɐdɐ
wait verb Korean gidarida (기다리다) kida̠ɾida̠ kidɐɾidɐ
OK adjective Norwegian grei græi græi
sorry adjective Norwegian sørgelig sø`rg(ə)li sørgəli
OK adverb Norwegian tilstrekkelig tilstre´k:(ə)li tilstrekkəli
sorry exclamation Norwegian unnskyld u´nʃyl unʃyl
guess noun Norwegian gjetning je`tniŋ jetniŋ
hobby noun Norwegian hobby hå´b:i hɔbbi
laugh noun Norwegian latter la´t:ər lattər
seventy number Norwegian sytti sø´t:i søtti
guess verb Norwegian gjette je`t:ə jettə
laugh verb Norwegian le le: lee
blonde adjective Polish blond blɔnt blɔnt
boring adjective Polish nudny ˈnud.nɨ nudnɨ
hungry adjective Polish głodny ˈgwɔd.nɨ gwɔdnɨ
o'clock adverb Polish godzinowo gɔ.d͡ʑiˈnɔ.vɔ gɔdʑinɔvɔ
kilometre noun Polish kilometr kiˈlɔ.mɛtr kilɔmɛtr
neighbour noun Polish sąsiad ˈsɔɲ.ɕat sɔɲɕat
paragraph noun Polish ustęp ˈu.stɛmp ustɛmp
policeman noun Polish policjant pɔˈlit͡s.jant pɔlitsjant
shower noun Polish prysznic ˈprɨʂ.ɲit͡s prɨʂɲits
eighty number Polish osiemdziesiąt ɔ.ɕɛmˈd͡ʑɛ.ɕɔnt ɔɕɛmdʑɛɕɔnt
dear adjective Portuguese caro ˈka.ɾu kaɾu
excited adjective Portuguese animado a.niˈma.du animadu
tired adjective Portuguese cansado kɐ̃ˈsa.du kɐnsadu
goodbye exclamation Portuguese adeus aˈdews adews
butter noun Portuguese manteiga mɐ̃ˈte(j).gɐ mɐntejgɐ
goodbye noun Portuguese despedida des.peˈd͡ʒi.dɐ despedʒidɐ
hello noun Portuguese saudação saw.daˈsɐ̃w̃ sawdasɐnwn
jacket noun Portuguese jaqueta ʒaˈke.tɐ ʒaketɐ
juice noun Portuguese suco ˈsu.ku suku
menu noun Portuguese cardápio kaʁˈda.pi.u kaʁdapiu
potato noun Portuguese batata baˈta.tɐ batatɐ
soup noun Portuguese sopa ˈso.pɐ sopɐ
yourself pronoun Portuguese você mesmo voˈse ˈmez.mu vosemezmu
forget verb Portuguese esquecer is.keˈse(ʁ) iskeseʁ
imagine verb Portuguese imaginar i.ma.ʒiˈna(ʁ) imaʒinaʁ
nextto preposition Romanian lângă ˈlɨŋ.gə lɨŋgə
noone pronoun Romanian nimeni ˈnimenʲ nimeɲ
beautiful adjective Russian krasívyj (краси́вый) krɐˈsʲivɨj krɐʃivɨj
clean adjective Russian čístyj (чи́стый) ˈt͡ɕistɨj tɕistɨj
correct adjective Russian právilʹnyj (пра́вильный) ˈpravʲɪlʲnɨj praβɪʎnɨj
dangerous adjective Russian opásnyj (опа́сный) ɐˈpasnɨj ɐpasnɨj
easy adjective Russian ljóxkij (лёгкий) ˈlʲɵxʲkʲɪj ʎɵçcɪj
expensive adjective Russian dorogój (дорого́й) dərɐˈgoj dərɐgoj
false adjective Russian lóžnyj (ло́жный) ˈɫoʐnɨj ɫoʐnɨj
friendly adjective Russian druželjúbnyj (дружелю́бный) drʊʐɨˈlʲubnɨj drʊʐɨʎubnɨj
grey adjective Russian séryj (се́рый) ˈsʲerɨj ʃerɨj
happy adjective Russian sčastlívyj (счастли́вый) ɕːɪs⁽ʲ⁾ˈlʲivɨj ɕɕɪʃʎivɨj
perfect adjective Russian ideálʹnyj (идеа́льный) ɪdʲɪˈalʲnɨj ɪɟɪaʎnɨj
pink adjective Russian rózovyj (ро́зовый) ˈrozəvɨj rozəvɨj
ready adjective Russian gotóvyj (гото́вый) gɐˈtovɨj gɐtovɨj
slow adjective Russian médlennyj (ме́дленный) ˈmʲedlʲɪn(ː)ɨj βmedʎɪnnɨj
tall adjective Russian vysókij (высо́кий) vɨˈsokʲɪj vɨsocɪj
useful adjective Russian poléznyj (поле́зный) pɐˈlʲeznɨj pɐʎeznɨj
wrong adjective Russian neprávilʹnyj (непра́вильный) nʲɪˈpravʲɪlʲnɨj ɲɪpraβɪʎnɨj
ago adverb Russian nazád (наза́д) nɐˈzat nɐzat
else adverb Russian ješčó (ещё) (j)ɪˈɕːɵ jɪɕɕɵ
thanks exclamation Russian spasíbo (спаси́бо) spɐˈsʲibə spɐʃibə
advice noun Russian sovét (сове́т) sɐˈvʲet sɐβet
apartment noun Russian kvartíra (кварти́ра) kvɐrˈtʲirə kvɐrcirə
apple noun Russian jábloko (я́блоко) ˈjabɫəkə jabɫəkə
arm noun Russian ruká (рука́) rʊˈka rʊka
autumn noun Russian ósenʹ (о́сень) ˈosʲɪnʲ oʃɪɲ
bed noun Russian krovátʹ (крова́ть) krɐˈvatʲ krɐvac
birthday noun Russian denʹ roždénija (день рожде́ния) ˈdʲenʲ rɐʐˈdʲenʲɪjə ɟeɲrɐʐɟeɲɪjə
camera noun Russian kámera (ка́мера) ˈkamʲɪrə kaβmɪrə
cat noun Russian kóška (ко́шка) ˈkoʂkə koʂkə
coat noun Russian palʹtó (пальто́) pɐlʲˈto pɐʎto
coffee noun Russian kófe (ко́фе) ˈkofʲe koɸe
colour noun Russian cvet (цвет) t͡svʲet tsβet
cousin noun Russian dvojúrodnyj brat (двою́родный брат) dvɐˈjurədnɨj ˈbrat dvɐjurədnɨjbrat
dancing noun Russian tánec (та́нец) ˈtanʲɪt͡s taɲɪts
exercise noun Russian upražnénije (упражне́ние) ʊprɐʐˈnʲenʲɪje ʊprɐʐɲeɲɪje
feeling noun Russian čúvstvo (чу́вство) ˈt͡ɕustvə tɕustvə
flower noun Russian cvetók (цвето́к) t͡svʲɪˈtok tsβɪtok
Friday noun Russian pjátnica (пя́тница) ˈpʲætʲnʲɪt͡sə ɸpæcɲɪtsə
fruit noun Russian frukt (фрукт) frukt frukt
fun noun Russian vesélʹje (весе́лье) vʲɪˈsʲelʲje βɪʃeʎje
grandfather noun Russian déduška (де́душка) ˈdʲedʊʂkə ɟedʊʂkə
grey noun Russian séryj cvet (се́рый цвет) ˈsʲerɨj t͡svʲet ʃerɨjtsβet
hair noun Russian vólosy (во́лосы) ˈvoɫəsɨ voɫəsɨ
holiday noun Russian prázdnik (пра́здник) ˈprazʲnʲɪk praʒɲɪk
meat noun Russian mjáso (мя́со) ˈmʲasə βmasə
message noun Russian soobščénije (сообще́ние) sɐɐpˈɕːenʲɪje sɐɐpɕɕeɲɪje
milk noun Russian molokó (молоко́) məɫɐˈko məɫɐko
moment noun Russian momént (моме́нт) mɐˈmʲent mɐβment
mouth noun Russian rot (рот) rot rot
parent noun Russian rodítelʹ (роди́тель) rɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ rɐɟicɪʎ
phone noun Russian telefón (телефо́н) tʲɪlʲɪˈfon cɪʎɪfon
pink noun Russian rózovyj cvet (ро́зовый цвет) ˈrozəvɨj t͡svʲet rozəvɨjtsβet
plane noun Russian samoljót (самолёт) səmɐˈlʲɵt səmɐʎɵt
rain noun Russian doždʹ (дождь) doʂtʲ doʂc
rice noun Russian ris (рис) rʲis ɾis
salt noun Russian solʹ (соль) solʲ soʎ
scientist noun Russian učónyj (учёный) ʊˈt͡ɕɵnɨj ʊtɕɵnɨj
sentence noun Russian prigovór (пригово́р) prʲɪgɐˈvor pɾɪgɐvor
shopping noun Russian pokúpka (поку́пка) pɐˈkupkə pɐkupkə
snow noun Russian sneg (снег) sʲnʲek ʃɲek
sugar noun Russian sáxar (са́хар) ˈsaxər saxər
tea noun Russian čaj (чай) t͡ɕæj tɕæj
thanks noun Russian blagodárnostʹ (благода́рность) bɫəgɐˈdarnəsʲtʲ bɫəgɐdarnəʃc
thing noun Russian predmét (предме́т) prʲɪdˈmʲet pɾɪdβmet
ticket noun Russian bilét (биле́т) bʲɪˈlʲet βbɪʎet
tourist noun Russian turíst (тури́ст) tʊˈrʲist tʊɾist
uncle noun Russian djádja (дя́дя) ˈdʲædʲə ɟæɟə
walk noun Russian progúlka (прогу́лка) prɐˈguɫkə prɐguɫkə
watch noun Russian časý (часы́) t͡ɕɪˈsɨ tɕɪsɨ
weekend noun Russian vyxodnój denʹ (выходно́й день) vɨxɐdˈnoj dʲenʲ vɨxɐdnojɟeɲ
wine noun Russian vinó (вино́) vʲɪˈno βɪno
eleven number Russian odínnadcatʹ (оди́ннадцать) ɐˈdʲinət͡s(ː)ɨtʲ ɐɟinətssɨc
fifteen number Russian pjatnádcatʹ (пятна́дцать) pʲɪtˈnat͡s(ː)ɨtʲ ɸpɪtnatssɨc
thirty number Russian trídcatʹ (три́дцать) ˈtrʲit͡s(ː)ɨtʲ tɾitssɨc
thousand number Russian týsjača (ты́сяча) ˈtɨsʲɪt͡ɕə tɨʃɪtɕə
twenty number Russian dvádcatʹ (два́дцать) ˈdvat͡s(ː)ɨtʲ dvatssɨc
anyone pronoun Russian kto ugódno (кто уго́дно) kto ʊˈgodnə ktoʊgodnə
anything pronoun Russian štó-libo (что́-либо) ˈʂto‿lʲɪbə ʂtoʎɪbə
everyone pronoun Russian káždyj (ка́ждый) ˈkaʐdɨj kaʐdɨj
add verb Russian dobávitʹ (доба́вить) dɐˈbavʲɪtʲ dɐbaβɪc
buy verb Russian pokupátʹ (покупа́ть) pəkʊˈpatʲ pəkʊpac
choose verb Russian vybirátʹ (выбира́ть) vɨbʲɪˈratʲ vɨβbɪrac
clean verb Russian čístitʹ (чи́стить) ˈt͡ɕisʲtʲɪtʲ tɕiʃcɪc
cook verb Russian gotóvitʹ (гото́вить) gɐˈtovʲɪtʲ gɐtoβɪc
correct verb Russian ispravljátʹ (исправля́ть) ɪsprɐˈvlʲætʲ ɪsprɐvʎæc
describe verb Russian opisátʹ (описа́ть) ɐpʲɪˈsatʲ ɐɸpɪsac
exercise verb Russian trenirovátʹsja (тренирова́ться) trʲɪnʲɪrɐˈvat͡sːə tɾɪɲɪrɐvatssə
feel verb Russian čúvstvovatʹ (чу́вствовать) ˈt͡ɕustvəvətʲ tɕustvəvəc
fly verb Russian letátʹ (лета́ть) lʲɪˈtatʲ ʎɪtac
grow verb Russian rastí (расти́) rɐˈsʲtʲi rɐʃci
learn verb Russian učítʹ (учи́ть) ʊˈt͡ɕitʲ ʊtɕic
lose verb Russian terjátʹ (теря́ть) tʲɪˈrʲætʲ cɪɾæc
phone verb Russian zvonítʹ (звони́ть) zvɐˈnʲitʲ zvɐɲic
rain verb Russian idtí doždʹ (идти́ дождь) ɪˈtʲːi doʂtʲ ɪccidoʂc
ride verb Russian jézditʹ (е́здить) ˈjezʲdʲɪtʲ jeʒɟɪc
send verb Russian otpravljátʹ (отправля́ть) ɐtprɐˈvlʲætʲ ɐtprɐvʎæc
sing verb Russian petʹ (петь) pʲetʲ ɸpec
snow verb Russian idtí sneg (идти́ снег) ɪˈtʲːi sʲnʲek ɪcciʃɲek
speak verb Russian govorítʹ (говори́ть) gəvɐˈrʲitʲ gəvɐɾic
spend verb Russian potrátitʹ (потра́тить) pɐˈtratʲɪtʲ pɐtracɪc
tell verb Russian rasskazátʹ (рассказа́ть) rəskɐˈzatʲ rəskɐzac
understand verb Russian ponimátʹ (понима́ть) pənʲɪˈmatʲ pəɲɪmac
walk verb Russian guljátʹ (гуля́ть) gʊˈlʲætʲ gʊʎæc
watch verb Russian smotrétʹ (смотре́ть) smɐˈtrʲetʲ smɐtɾec
wear verb Russian nosítʹ (носи́ть) nɐˈsʲitʲ nɐʃic
bad adjective Spanish malo ˈmalo malo
better adjective Spanish mejor meˈxoɾ mexoɾ
cold adjective Spanish frío ˈfɾio fɾio
complete adjective Spanish completo komˈpleto kompleto
dark adjective Spanish oscuro osˈkuɾo oskuɾo
difficult adjective Spanish difícil diˈfisil difisil
extra adjective Spanish extra ˈegstɾa egstɾa
famous adjective Spanish famoso faˈmoso famoso
fast adjective Spanish rápido ˈrapido rapido
fine adjective Spanish fino ˈfino fino
hard adjective Spanish duro ˈduɾo duɾo
hot adjective Spanish caliente kaˈljente kaljente
interested adjective Spanish interesado inteɾeˈsado inteɾesado
key adjective Spanish clave ˈklabe klabe
negative adjective Spanish negativo negaˈtibo negatibo
online adjective Spanish en línea en ˈlinea enlinea
opposite adjective Spanish opuesto oˈpwesto opwesto
orange adjective Spanish naranja naˈɾanxa naɾanxa
past adjective Spanish pasado paˈsado pasado
poor adjective Spanish pobre ˈpobɾe pobɾe
positive adjective Spanish positivo posiˈtibo positibo
rich adjective Spanish rico ˈriko riko
true adjective Spanish verdadero. beɾdaˈdeɾo beɾdadeɾo
yellow adjective Spanish amarillo amaˈɾiʝo amaɾiʝo
always adverb Spanish siempre ˈsjempɾe sjempɾe
enough adverb Spanish bastante basˈtante bastante
ever adverb Spanish siempre ˈsjempɾe sjempɾe
fast adverb Spanish rápido ˈrapido rapido
hard adverb Spanish mucho ˈmut͡ʃo mutʃo
here adverb Spanish aquí aˈki aki
lot adverb Spanish mucho ˈmut͡ʃo mutʃo
online adverb Spanish en línea en ˈlinea enlinea
opposite adverb Spanish en frente en ˈfɾente enfɾente
probably adverb Spanish probablemente pɾoˌbableˈmente pɾobablemente
quickly adverb Spanish rápidamente ˌrapidaˈmente rapidamente
quite adverb Spanish bastante basˈtante bastante
really adverb Spanish realmente reˌalˈmente realmente
twice adverb Spanish dos veces dos ˈbeses dosbeses
why adverb Spanish por qué poɾ ˈke poɾke
enough determiner Spanish bastante basˈtante bastante
lot determiner Spanish mucho ˈmut͡ʃo mutʃo
our determiner Spanish nuestro ˈnwestɾo nwestɾo
your determiner Spanish tu tu tu
cannot modalverb Spanish no poder ˈno poˈdeɾ nopodeɾ
activity noun Spanish actividad agtibiˈdad agtibidad
actor noun Spanish actor agˈtoɾ agtoɾ
actress noun Spanish actriz agˈtɾis agtɾis
address noun Spanish dirección diɾegˈsjon diɾegsjon
adult noun Spanish adulto aˈdulto adulto
animal noun Spanish animal aniˈmal animal
article noun Spanish artículo aɾˈtikulo aɾtikulo
baby noun Spanish bebé beˈbe bebe
ball noun Spanish bola ˈbola bola
beach noun Spanish playa ˈplaʝa plaʝa
bird noun Spanish pájaro ˈpaxaɾo paxaɾo
boat noun Spanish bote ˈbote bote
box noun Spanish caja ˈkaxa kaxa
boy noun Spanish chico ˈt͡ʃiko tʃiko
break noun Spanish descanso desˈkanso deskanso
bus noun Spanish autobús autoˈbus autobus
call noun Spanish llamada ʝaˈmada ʝamada
card noun Spanish tarjeta taɾˈxeta taɾxeta
CD noun Spanish CD seˈde sede
chair noun Spanish silla ˈsiʝa siʝa
chart noun Spanish gráfico ˈgɾafiko gɾafiko
cinema noun Spanish cine ˈsine sine
cold noun Spanish frío ˈfɾio fɾio
computer noun Spanish computadora komputaˈdoɾa komputadoɾa
concert noun Spanish concierto konˈsjeɾto konsjeɾto
cost noun Spanish costo ˈkosto kosto
dance noun Spanish danza ˈdansa dansa
date noun Spanish fecha ˈfet͡ʃa fetʃa
description noun Spanish descripción deskɾibˈsjon deskɾibsjon
difference noun Spanish diferencia difeˈɾensja difeɾensja
doctor noun Spanish médico ˈmediko mediko
dog noun Spanish perro ˈpero pero
door noun Spanish puerta ˈpweɾta pweɾta
driver noun Spanish conductor kondugˈtoɾ kondugtoɾ
DVD noun Spanish DVD debeˈde debede
evening noun Spanish anochecer anot͡ʃeˈseɾ anotʃeseɾ
eye noun Spanish ojo ˈoxo oxo
face noun Spanish rostro ˈrostɾo rostɾo
fact noun Spanish hecho ˈet͡ʃo etʃo
farm noun Spanish granja ˈgɾanxa gɾanxa
fish noun Spanish pez ˈpes pes
flat noun Spanish piso ˈpiso piso
flight noun Spanish vuelo ˈbwelo bwelo
floor noun Spanish piso ˈpiso piso
foot noun Spanish pie ˈpje pje
friend noun Spanish amigo aˈmigo amigo
garden noun Spanish jardín xaɾˈdin xaɾdin
geography noun Spanish geografía xeogɾaˈfia xeogɾafia
girl noun Spanish chica ˈt͡ʃika tʃika
glass noun Spanish vidrio ˈbidɾjo bidɾjo
guitar noun Spanish guitarra giˈtara gitara
hand noun Spanish mano ˈmano mano
horse noun Spanish caballo kaˈbaʝo kabaʝo
hotel noun Spanish hotel oˈtel otel
hour noun Spanish hora ˈoɾa oɾa
husband noun Spanish esposo esˈposo esposo
ice noun Spanish hielo ˈʝelo ʝelo
idea noun Spanish idea iˈdea idea
internet noun Spanish internet inteɾˈnet inteɾnet
interview noun Spanish entrevista entɾeˈbista entɾebista
job noun Spanish trabajo tɾaˈbaxo tɾabaxo
journey noun Spanish viaje ˈbjaxe bjaxe
key noun Spanish llave ˈʝabe ʝabe
kind noun Spanish tipo ˈtipo tipo
leg noun Spanish pierna ˈpjeɾna pjeɾna
letter noun Spanish carta ˈkaɾta kaɾta
machine noun Spanish máquina ˈmakina makina
map noun Spanish mapa ˈmapa mapa
meaning noun Spanish sentido senˈtido sentido
meeting noun Spanish reunión reuˈnjon reunjon
mile noun Spanish milla ˈmiʝa miʝa
minute noun Spanish minuto miˈnuto minuto
month noun Spanish mes ˈmes mes
morning noun Spanish mañana maˈɲana maɲana
movie noun Spanish película peˈlikula pelikula
newspaper noun Spanish periódico peˈɾjodiko peɾjodiko
note noun Spanish nota ˈnota nota
object noun Spanish objeto obˈxeto obxeto
opinion noun Spanish opinión opiˈnjon opinjon
opposite noun Spanish antónimo anˈtonimo antonimo
orange noun Spanish naranja naˈɾanxa naɾanxa
page noun Spanish página ˈpaxina paxina
painting noun Spanish pintura pinˈtuɾa pintuɾa
pair noun Spanish par ˈpaɾ paɾ
paper noun Spanish papel paˈpel papel
partner noun Spanish pareja paˈɾexa paɾexa
past noun Spanish pasado paˈsado pasado
person noun Spanish persona peɾˈsona peɾsona
piano noun Spanish piano ˈpjano pjano
picture noun Spanish fotografía fotogɾaˈfia fotogɾafia
piece noun Spanish trozo ˈtɾoso tɾoso
pool noun Spanish piscina piˈsina pisina
price noun Spanish precio ˈpɾesjo pɾesjo
problem noun Spanish problema pɾoˈblema pɾoblema
product noun Spanish producto pɾoˈdugto pɾodugto
programme noun Spanish programa pɾoˈgɾama pɾogɾama
quarter noun Spanish cuarta parte ˈkwaɾta ˈpaɾte kwaɾtapaɾte
question noun Spanish pregunta pɾeˈgunta pɾegunta
reading noun Spanish lectura legˈtuɾa legtuɾa
reason noun Spanish razón raˈson rason
report noun Spanish informe inˈfoɾme infoɾme
restaurant noun Spanish restaurante restauˈɾante restauɾante
room noun Spanish habitación abitaˈsjon abitasjon
rule noun Spanish regla ˈregla regla
Saturday noun Spanish sábado ˈsabado sabado
shop noun Spanish tienda ˈtjenda tjenda
singer noun Spanish cantante kanˈtante kantante
sister noun Spanish hermana eɾˈmana eɾmana
situation noun Spanish situación sitwaˈsjon sitwasjon
sound noun Spanish sonido soˈnido sonido
sport noun Spanish deporte deˈpoɾte depoɾte
spring noun Spanish primavera pɾimaˈbeɾa pɾimabeɾa
statement noun Spanish declaración deklaɾaˈsjon deklaɾasjon
stop noun Spanish parada paˈɾada paɾada
student noun Spanish alumno aˈlumno alumno
subject noun Spanish sujeto suˈxeto suxeto
sun noun Spanish sol ˈsol sol
Sunday noun Spanish domingo doˈmingo domingo
swimming noun Spanish natación nataˈsjon natasjon
table noun Spanish mesa ˈmesa mesa
teacher noun Spanish profesor pɾofeˈsoɾ pɾofesoɾ
tennis noun Spanish tenis ˈtenis tenis
test noun Spanish prueba ˈpɾweba pɾweba
text noun Spanish texto ˈtegsto tegsto
traffic noun Spanish tráfico ˈtɾafiko tɾafiko
train noun Spanish tren ˈtɾen tɾen
travel noun Spanish viaje ˈbjaxe bjaxe
tree noun Spanish árbol ˈaɾbol aɾbol
trip noun Spanish viaje ˈbjaxe bjaxe
turn noun Spanish giro ˈxiɾo xiɾo
visit noun Spanish visita biˈsita bisita
wall noun Spanish pared paˈɾed paɾed
weather noun Spanish clima ˈklima klima
website noun Spanish sitio web ˈsitjo ˈweb sitjoweb
window noun Spanish ventana benˈtana bentana
winter noun Spanish invierno imˈbjeɾno imbjeɾno
word noun Spanish palabra paˈlabɾa palabɾa
writer noun Spanish escritor eskɾiˈtoɾ eskɾitoɾ
yellow noun Spanish amarillo amaˈɾiʝo amaɾiʝo
hundred number Spanish cien ˈsjen sjen
nine number Spanish nueve ˈnwebe nwebe
twelve number Spanish doce ˈdose dose
fifth ordinalnumber Spanish quinto ˈkinto kinto
opposite preposition Spanish frente a ˈfɾente a fɾentea
past preposition Spanish más allá de ˌmas aˈʝa de masaʝade
enough pronoun Spanish bastante basˈtante bastante
everything pronoun Spanish todo ˈtodo todo
lot pronoun Spanish mucho ˈmut͡ʃo mutʃo
nothing pronoun Spanish nada ˈnada nada
someone pronoun Spanish alguien ˈalgjen algjen
something pronoun Spanish algo ˈalgo algo
begin verb Spanish empezar empeˈsaɾ empesaɾ
believe verb Spanish creer kɾeˈeɾ kɾeeɾ
break verb Spanish romper romˈpeɾ rompeɾ
bring verb Spanish traer tɾaˈeɾ tɾaeɾ
build verb Spanish construir konstɾuˈiɾ konstɾuiɾ
call verb Spanish llamar ʝaˈmaɾ ʝamaɾ
carry verb Spanish llevar ʝeˈbaɾ ʝebaɾ
complete verb Spanish completar kompleˈtaɾ kompletaɾ
cost verb Spanish costar kosˈtaɾ kostaɾ
create verb Spanish crear kɾeˈaɾ kɾeaɾ
cut verb Spanish cortar koɾˈtaɾ koɾtaɾ
dance verb Spanish bailar baiˈlaɾ bailaɾ
die verb Spanish morir moˈɾiɾ moɾiɾ
draw verb Spanish dibujar dibuˈxaɾ dibuxaɾ
drive verb Spanish conducir konduˈsiɾ kondusiɾ
fall verb Spanish caer kaˈeɾ kaeɾ
find verb Spanish encontrar enkonˈtɾaɾ enkontɾaɾ
finish verb Spanish terminar teɾmiˈnaɾ teɾminaɾ
follow verb Spanish seguir seˈgiɾ segiɾ
give verb Spanish dar ˈdaɾ daɾ
hope verb Spanish esperar espeˈɾaɾ espeɾaɾ
improve verb Spanish mejorar mexoˈɾaɾ mexoɾaɾ
interview verb Spanish entrevistar entɾebisˈtaɾ entɾebistaɾ
join verb Spanish unir uˈniɾ uniɾ
keep verb Spanish mantener manteˈneɾ manteneɾ
know verb Spanish saber saˈbeɾ sabeɾ
leave verb Spanish dejar deˈxaɾ dexaɾ
let verb Spanish dejar deˈxaɾ dexaɾ
look verb Spanish mirar miˈɾaɾ miɾaɾ
mean verb Spanish significar signifiˈkaɾ signifikaɾ
meet verb Spanish reunir reuˈniɾ reuniɾ
miss verb Spanish extrañar egstɾaˈɲaɾ egstɾaɲaɾ
move verb Spanish mover moˈbeɾ mobeɾ
need verb Spanish necesitar nesesiˈtaɾ nesesitaɾ
pay verb Spanish pagar paˈgaɾ pagaɾ
read verb Spanish leer leˈeɾ leeɾ
say verb Spanish decir deˈsiɾ desiɾ
sell verb Spanish vender benˈdeɾ bendeɾ
share verb Spanish compartir kompaɾˈtiɾ kompaɾtiɾ
shop verb Spanish comprar komˈpɾaɾ kompɾaɾ
sound verb Spanish sonar soˈnaɾ sonaɾ
stand verb Spanish estar esˈtaɾ estaɾ
stay verb Spanish quedar keˈdaɾ kedaɾ
stop verb Spanish detener deteˈneɾ deteneɾ
talk verb Spanish hablar aˈblaɾ ablaɾ
test verb Spanish probar pɾoˈbaɾ pɾobaɾ
think verb Spanish pensar penˈsaɾ pensaɾ
travel verb Spanish viajar bjaˈxaɾ bjaxaɾ
try verb Spanish intentar intenˈtaɾ intentaɾ
turn verb Spanish girar xiˈɾaɾ xiɾaɾ
visit verb Spanish visitar bisiˈtaɾ bisitaɾ
want verb Spanish querer keˈɾeɾ keɾeɾ
write verb Spanish escribir eskɾiˈbiɾ eskɾibiɾ
delicious adjective Swedish utsökt ²ụ:tsö:kt uutsøøkt
downstairs adverb Swedish nere ²nẹ:re neere
carrot noun Swedish morot ²mọ:ro:t mooroot
waiter noun Swedish servitör servitọ̈:r servitøør
upstairs adverb Ukrainian na horí (на горі́) na ɦoˈrʲi naɦoɾi
hi exclamation Ukrainian pryvít (приві́т) preˈʋʲit preβʋit
onion noun Ukrainian cybúlja (цибу́ля) t͡seˈbulʲɐ tsebuʎɐ
pencil noun Ukrainian olivécʹ (оліве́ць) ɔlʲiˈʋɛt͡sʲ ɔʎiʋɛtʃ
tomato noun Ukrainian pomidór (помідо́р) pɔmʲiˈdɔr pɔβmidɔr
bored adjective Xhosa ndidikiwe ⁿd̥idíkiːwe ndidikiiwe
yeah exclamation Xhosa ewe eːwé eewe
jeans noun Xhosa iijini íːd̥ʒiːni iidʒiini
ninety number Xhosa amashumi alithoba ámáːʃûːmi alíːtʰoɓá amaaʃuumialiitθoɓa
salad noun Zulu isaladi iːsaˈlaːdi iisalaadi
T-shirt noun Zulu isikibha isiˈkiːba isikiiba
practise verb Zulu jwayeza dʒwaˈjɛːza dʒwajɛɛza
relax verb Zulu phumula pʰuˈmuːla pfumuula

Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA

As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.

Meaning Category Simplified scheme Early PPA (2050-2150) Late PPA (2150-2250)

Sound changes

These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in SCA2.

From "Simplified Scheme PPA" to "Early PPA"
X=ɨɘəɜɐ


  • Implosives

ɓ/bʔ/_

ɗ/dʔ/_

ʄ/ɟʔ/_

ɠ/gʔ/_

ʛ/ɢʔ/_

  • Clicks

ʘ/pǃ/_

ǀ/ptǃ/_

ǃ/tǃ/_

ǁ/ʈǃ/_

ǂ/cǃ/_

  • Voiceless sonorants

ǃ/hʔ/_

ʍ/hw/_

ɬ/hɮ/_

ʜ/hʢ/_

  • Coarticulated phonemes

ʦ/ts/_

ʣ/dz/_

ʧ/tʃ/_

ʤ/dʒ/_

ʨ/tɕ/_

ʥ/dʑ/_

ʃ/çs/_

ʒ/ʝz/_

ɕ/sç/_

ʑ/zʝ/_

ɱ/mɱ/_

f/ɸθ/_

v/βð/_

ʋ/ʋʋ/_

ⱱ/ⱱⱱ/_

ɥ/ʋj/_

w/ʋɰ/_

ɫ/lʟ/_

ɧ/sçj/_

  • Dentals

ɱ/m/_

θ/ɸs/_

ð/βz/_

  • Rhotics

ɻ/ɹ/_

[ⱱɽ]/ɾ/_

[ʙʀʢ]/r/_

  • Laterals

ʟ/ɭ/_

[ɮɺ]/l/_

  • Pharyngeals

ʡ/ʔ/_

ħ/h/_

ʕ/ɦ/_

  • Uvulars

ɴ/ŋ/_

q/kʔ/_

ɢ/g/_

χ/xh/_

ʁ/ɣɦ/_

  • Rounded vowels

y/wi/_

ʏ/wɪ/_

ø/we/_

œ/wɛ/_

ɶ/wa/_

ʉ/wɨ/_

ɵ/wɘ/_

ɞ/wɜ/_

ɯ/wu/_

ɤ/wo/_

ʌ/wɔ/_

ɑ/wɒ/_

  • Approximants

ʋ/βw/_

ɰ/ɣw/_

  • Retroflexes

ɳ/nw/_

ʈ/tw/_

ɖ/dw/_

ʂ/sw/_

ʐ/zw/_

ɹ/rw/_

ɭ/lw/_

  • Palatals

ɲ/nj/_

c/tj/_

ɟ/dj/_

ç/sj/_

ʝ/zj/_

ɾ/rj/_

ʎ/lj/_

  • Readjustment of phonemes for Early PPA

ɸ/f/_

β/v/_

æ/a/_

ɦ/h/_

  • Centralization of vowels

i/jɨ/_

ɪ/jɘ/_

e/jə/_

ɛ/jɜ/_

a/jɐ/_

u/wɨ/_

ʊ/wɘ/_

o/wə/_

ɔ/wɜ/_

ɒ/wɐ/_

  • Methatesis of vowels

Xj/\\/_

Xw/\\/_

Xj/\\/_

Xw/\\/_

Xj/\\/_

Xw/\\/_

Xj/\\/_

Xw/\\/_

Xj/\\/_

Xw/\\/_

  • Approximants

w//_²

j//_²

  • Retroflex series

nw/ɳ/_

tw/ʈ/_

rw/ɻ/_

lw/ɭ/_

  • Palatal series

nj/ɲ/_

tj/c/_

dj/ɟ/_

sj/ʃ/_

zj/ʒ/_

rj/ɾ/_

  • Vowel simplification

ɨɨɨ/ɨɨ/_

ɘɘɘ/ɘɘ/_

əəə/əə/_

ɜɜɜ/ɜɜ/_

ɐɐɐ/ɐɐ/_

  • Vowel length

ɨɨ/ɨː/_

ɘɘ/ɘː/_

əə/əː/_

ɜɜ/ɜː/_

ɐɐ/ɐː/_

  • Monophthongation

jɨ/i/_

jɘ/ɪ/_

jə/e/_

jɜ/ɛ/_

jɐ/a/_

wɨ/u/_

wɘ/ʊ/_

wə/o/_

wɜ/ɔ/_

wɐ/a/_

ɘ/ɨ/_

ɜ/ə/_

From "Early PPA" to "Late PPA"
C=mnŋrlpbtdkgfsh

V=aeiou


  • Vowels

[jɪɨ]/i/_

[wʊ]/u/_

[ɛə]/e/_

ɔ/o/_

  • Voiced fricatives

v/f/_

β/ɸ/_

z/s/_

ʐ/ʂ/_

ʒ/ʃ/_

ɣ/x/_

ɦ/h/_

  • Glottals

ʔ//_

x/h/_

  • Liquids

[ɭʎ]/l/_

[ɻɾ]/r/_

  • Coronals

[ɳɲ]/n/_

[ʈc]/t/_

[ɖɟ]/d/_

[ʂʃ]/s/_

  • Labials

ɸ/f/_

  • Simplification of geminates

C//_²

V//_²

  • Approximants

i/j/V_

u/w/V_

i/j/_V

u/w/_V

Example text

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