Proto-Austronesian to Hemaluan Sound Changes

{c,C},s,S,{z,j},q,p,D > tʃ,ʃ,s,dʒ,χ,f,d

N,N#,h,h# > j,l,Ø,ː

VCVC > VCː / C1=C2

NS̬,NN > Nː,N1ː

F[S,F] > [S,F2]ː

VCː > VːC

i,u > j,w / V_

(Point of Japanese & Korean contact)

{uw,wu},{ij,ji} > {u,i}ː

tj,{d,j}j,sj,{n,ŋ}j > tʃ,dʒ,ʃ,ɲ

[C,#]C{j,w} > [C,#]C{ij,uw}

1. VCV > #CVː / V1=V2

V{ə,a},ə%V > Vː,V%V

ə > o / [(χ,ʀ)_,_(χ,ʀ)]

ə,əː > e,oː

i,u,a > e,o,ə / [(χ,ʀ)_,_(χ,ʀ)]

{f,χ},ʀ > h,Ø

{ə,a}(ː){j,w}(ə,a) > {e,o}(ː)

{iw,uj}(ə,a),{ew,oy}(ə,a) > ɨ(ː),ə(ː)

n > l / V_V