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| |'''Loss of word-final non-high short vowels''' {{PIE|/e/}}, {{PIE|/a/}}, {{PIE|/o/}} — {{PIE|*wóyde}} "(s)he knows" > {{PIE|*wóyd}} > {{PIE|*wait}} | | |'''Coelo-Caric labial change''': Chain shift of the labial consonants. Voice is no longer contrastive of the plosive consonants. |
| *A {{PIE|/j/}} or {{PIE|/w/}} preceding the vowel is also lost — {{PIE|*tósyo}} "of that" > {{PIE|*tós}} > {{PIE|*þas}} | | ** */b/ > */m/ > */w/ — *ba sɔh "four" > *masɔ > ''masō''; *bene "large" > '''''mene'''nurive'' "large (in scope)"; *mee "from" > *we > ''ve''; *hamen "five" > *awen > ''aven'' |
| *Single-syllable words were not affected, but clitics were — {{PIE|*-kʷe}} "and" > {{PIE|*-kʷ}} > {{PIE|*-hw}}
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| *When the lost vowel was accented, the accent shifted to the preceding syllable — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*n̥smé}} "us" > {{PIE|*n̥swé}} > {{PIE|*unswé}} > {{PIE|*úns}} > {{PIE|*uns}}}} (not {{PIE|*unz}}, showing that loss occurred before Verner's law)
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| |'''[[Grimm's law]]''': Chain shift of the three series of plosives. Note that voiced plosives had already been devoiced before a voiceless obstruent prior to this stage. Labiovelars were delabialised before {{PIE|/t/}}. | | |'''*/wv/ > */w/''' |
| *Voiceless plosives become fricatives, unless preceded by another obstruent. In a sequence of two voiceless obstruents, the second obstruent remains a plosive.
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| **{{PIE|/p/}} > {{PIE|/ɸ/}} ({{PIE|f}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*ph₂tḗr}} "father" > {{PIE|*fəþḗr}} > {{PIE|*fadēr}}}}
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| **{{PIE|/t/}} > {{PIE|/θ/}} ({{PIE|þ}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*tód}} "that" > {{PIE|*þód}} > {{PIE|*þat}}}}
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| **{{PIE|/k/}} > {{PIE|/x/}} ({{PIE|h}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*kátus}} "fight" > {{PIE|*háþus}} > {{PIE|*haþuz}}; {{PIE|*h₂eǵs-}} "axle" > (devoicing) {{PIE|*aks-}} > {{PIE|*ahs-}} > {{PIE|*ahsō}}}}
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| **{{PIE|/kʷ/}} > {{PIE|/xʷ/}} ({{PIE|hw}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*kʷód}} "what" > {{PIE|*hʷód}} > {{PIE|*hwat}}}}
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| **Since the second of two obstruents is unaffected, the sequences {{PIE|/sp/}}, {{PIE|/st/}}, {{PIE|/sk/}}, {{PIE|/skʷ/}}, {{PIE|/tt/}} (only in {{PIE|*atta}} "dad") remain.
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| **The above also forms the [[Germanic spirant law]]:
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| ***{{PIE|/bt/}}, {{PIE|/bʰt/}}, {{PIE|/pt/}} > {{PIE|/ɸt/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*kh₂ptós}} "grabbed" > {{PIE|*kəptós}} > {{PIE|*həftós}} > {{PIE|*haftaz}} "captive"}}
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| ***{{PIE|/gt/}}, {{PIE|/gʰt/}}, {{PIE|/kt/}} > {{PIE|/xt/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*oḱtṓw}} "eight" > {{PIE|*oktṓw}} > {{PIE|*ohtṓw}} > {{PIE|*ahtōu}}}}
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| ***{{PIE|/gʷt/}}, {{PIE|/gʷʰt/}}, {{PIE|/kʷt/}} > {{PIE|/xt/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*nokʷtm̥}} "night, acc." > {{PIE|*noktum}} > {{PIE|*nohtum}} > {{PIE|*nahtų}}}}
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| *Voiced plosives are devoiced:
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| **{{PIE|/b/}} > {{PIE|/p/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*dʰewbu-}} "deep" > {{PIE|*dʰewpu-}} > {{PIE|*dewpu-}} > {{PIE|*deupaz}}}} (reformed as a-stem)
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| **{{PIE|/d/}} > {{PIE|/t/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*h₁dóntm̥}} "tooth, acc." > {{PIE|*tónþum}} > {{PIE|*tanþų}}; {{PIE|*kʷód}} "what" > {{PIE|*hʷód}} > {{PIE|*hwat}}}}
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| **{{PIE|/g/}} > {{PIE|/k/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*wérǵom}} "work" > {{PIE|*wérgom}} > {{PIE|*wérkom}} > {{PIE|*werką}}}}
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| **{{PIE|/gʷ/}} > {{PIE|/kʷ/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*gʷémeti}} "(s)he will step, subj." > {{PIE|*kʷémeþi}} > {{PIE|*kwimidi}} "(s)he comes"}}
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| *Aspirated plosives become voiced plosives or fricatives (see below):
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| **{{PIE|/bʰ/}} > {{PIE|/b/}} ({{PIE|[b,β]}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*bʰéreti}} "(s)he is carrying" > {{PIE|*béreþi}} > {{PIE|*biridi}}}}
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| **{{PIE|/dʰ/}} > {{PIE|/d/}} ({{PIE|[d,ð]}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*dʰóh₁mos}} "thing put" > {{PIE|*dṓmos}} > {{PIE|*dōmaz}} "judgement"}}
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| **{{PIE|/gʰ/}} > {{PIE|/g/}} ({{PIE|[g,ɣ]}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*gʰáns}} "goose" > {{PIE|*gáns}} > {{PIE|*gans}}}}
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| **{{PIE|/gʷʰ/}} > {{PIE|/gʷ/}} ({{PIE|[gʷ,ɣʷ]}}) — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*sóngʷʰos}} "chant" > {{PIE|*sóngʷos}} > {{PIE|*sangwaz}} "song"}}
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| |'''[[Verner's law]]''': voiceless fricatives are voiced, allophonically at first, when preceded by an unaccented syllable:
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| *{{PIE|/ɸ/}} > {{PIE|[β]}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*upéri}} "over" > {{PIE|*uféri}} > {{PIE|*ubéri}} > {{PIE|*ubiri}}}}
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| *{{PIE|/θ/}} > {{PIE|[ð]}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*tewtéh₂}} "tribe" > {{PIE|*þewþā́}} > {{PIE|*þewdā́}} > {{PIE|*þeudō}}}}
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| *{{PIE|/x/}} > {{PIE|[ɣ]}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*h₂yuHn̥ḱós}} "young" > {{PIE|*yunkós}} > {{PIE|*yunhós}} > {{PIE|*yungós}} > {{PIE|*jungaz}}}} (with -z by analogy)
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| *{{PIE|/xʷ/}} > {{PIE|[ɣʷ]}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*kʷekʷléh₂}} "wheels (collective)" > {{PIE|*hʷehʷlā́}} > {{PIE|*hʷegʷlā́}} > {{PIE|*hweulō}}}}
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| *{{PIE|/s/}} > {{PIE|[z]}} — {{PIE|*h₁régʷeses}} "of darkness" > {{PIE|*rékʷeses}} > {{PIE|*rékʷezez}} > {{PIE|*rikwiziz}}; {{PIE|*kʷékʷlos}} "wheel" > {{PIE|*hʷéhʷlos}} > {{PIE|*hʷéhʷloz}} > {{PIE|*hwehwlaz}}
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| *Some small words which were generally unaccented were also affected — {{PIE|*h₁ésmi}}, unstressed {{PIE|*h₁esmi}} "I am" > {{PIE|*esmi}} > {{PIE|*ezmi}} > {{PIE|*immi}}; {{PIE|*h₁sénti}}, unstressed {{PIE|*h₁senti}} "they are" > {{PIE|*senþi}} > {{PIE|*sendi}} > {{PIE|*sindi}} (the stressed variants, which would have become {{PIE|*ismi}} and {{PIE|*sinþi}}, were lost)
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| |'''All words become stressed on their first syllable'''. The PIE contrastive accent is lost, phonemicising the voicing distinction created by Verner's law.
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| |'''Word-initial {{PIE|/gʷ/}} > {{PIE|/b/}}''' — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*gʷʰédʰyeti}} "(s)he is asking for" > {{PIE|*gʷédyedi}} > {{PIE|*bédyedi}} > {{PIE|*bidiþi}} "(s)he asks, (s)he prays"}} (with -þ- by analogy)
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| |'''Assimilation of sonorants''':
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| *{{PIE|/nw/}} > {{PIE|/nn/}} — {{PIE|*ténh₂us}} "thin" ~ fem. {{PIE|*tn̥h₂éwih₂}} > {{PIE|*tn̥h₂ús}} ~ {{PIE|*tn̥h₂wíh₂}} > {{PIE|*þunus}} ~ {{PIE|*þunwī}} > {{PIE|*þunus}} ~ {{PIE|*þunnī}} > {{PIE|*þunnuz}} ~ {{PIE|*þunnī}}
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| *{{PIE|/ln/}} > {{PIE|/ll/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*pl̥h₁nós}} "full" > {{PIE|*fulnos}} > {{PIE|*fullos}} > {{PIE|*fullaz}}}}
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| *{{PIE|/zm/}} > {{PIE|/mm/}} — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*h₁esmi}} "I am, unstr." > {{PIE|*ezmi}} > {{PIE|*emmi}} > {{PIE|*immi}}}}
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| |'''Unstressed {{PIE|/owo/}} > {{PIE|/oː/}}''' — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*-owos}} "thematic 1st du." > {{PIE|*-ōz}}}}
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| |'''Unstressed {{PIE|/ew/}} > {{PIE|/ow/}}''' before a consonant or word-finally — {{nowrap|{{PIE|*-ews}} "u-stem gen. sg." > {{PIE|*-owz}} > {{PIE|*-auz}}}}
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| |'''Unstressed {{PIE|/e/}} > {{PIE|/i/}}''' except before {{PIE|/r/}} — {{PIE|*-éteh₂}} "abstract noun suffix" > {{PIE|*-eþā}} > {{PIE|*-iþā}} > {{PIE|*-iþō}}
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| *Unstressed {{PIE|/ej/}} contracts to {{PIE|/iː/}} — {{PIE|*-éys}} "i-stem gen. sg." > {{PIE|*-iys}} > {{PIE|*-īs}} > {{PIE|*-īz}} (with -z by analogy)
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| *{{PIE|/e/}} before {{PIE|/r/}} later becomes {{PIE|/ɑ/}}, but not until after the application of i-mutation.
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| *Some words which could be unstressed as a whole were also affected, often creating stressed/unstressed pairs — {{PIE|*éǵh₂}} "I" > {{PIE|*ek}} > unstressed {{PIE|*ik}} (remaining beside stressed {{PIE|*ek}})
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| |'''Unstressed {{PIE|/ji/}} > {{PIE|/i/}}''' — {{PIE|*légʰyeti}} "(s)he is lying down" ~ {{PIE|*légʰyonti}} "they are lying down" > {{PIE|*legyidi}} ~ {{PIE|*legyondi}} > {{PIE|*legidi}} ~ {{PIE|*legyondi}} > {{PIE|*ligiþi}} ~ {{PIE|*ligjanþi}} (with -þ- by analogy)
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| *This process creates diphthongs from originally disyllabic sequences — {{PIE|*-oyend}} "thematic optative 3pl" > {{PIE|*-oyint}} > {{PIE|*-oint}} > {{PIE|*-ain}}; {{PIE|*áyeri}} "in the morning" > {{PIE|*ayiri}} > {{PIE|*airi}} "early"; {{PIE|*tréyes}} "three" > {{PIE|*þreyiz}} > {{PIE|*þreiz}} > {{PIE|*þrīz}}
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| *The sequence {{PIE|/iji/}} becomes {{PIE|/iː/}} — {{PIE|*gʰósteyes}} "strangers, nom. pl." > {{PIE|*gostiyiz}} > {{PIE|*gostīz}} > {{PIE|*gastīz}} "guests"
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| |'''Merging of non-high back vowels''':
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| *{{PIE|/o/}}, {{PIE|/a/}} — {{PIE|/ɑ/}} - {{PIE|*gʰóstis}} "stranger" > {{PIE|*gostiz}} > {{PIE|*gastiz}} "guest"; {{PIE|*kátus}} "fight" > {{PIE|*haþuz}} "battle"
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| *{{PIE|/oː/}}, {{PIE|/aː/}} > {{PIE|/ɑː/}} — {{PIE|*dʰóh₁mos}} "thing put" > {{PIE|*dōmoz}} > {{PIE|*dāmaz}} > {{PIE|*dōmaz}} "judgement"; {{PIE|*swā́dus}} "sweet" > {{PIE|*swātuz}} > {{PIE|*swōtuz}}
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| *{{PIE|/oːː/}}, {{PIE|/aːː/}} > {{PIE|/ɑːː/}} (â) — {{PIE|*séh₁mō}} "seeds" > {{PIE|*sēmô}} > {{PIE|*sēmâ}} > {{PIE|*sēmô}}; {{PIE|*-eh₂es}} "eh₂-stem nom. pl." > {{PIE|*-âz}} > {{PIE|*-ôz}}
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| |} | | |} |
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