Proto-Pulchric: Difference between revisions

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'''Proto-Pulchric''' is one of the major proto-languages of Tricin and also one of the best reconstructed. Its main inspirations are Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Semitic and Lithuanian.


==Phylogeny==
Most Pulchric languages come from the Etalocian subbranch, which descends from Proto-Etalocian (oddly named because Etalocin is the Pulchric Urheimat). There are however, a few Pulchric languages spoken in Whāso Island to the north which are a separate subfamily, and that also includes Crockartoot, spoken in Cualand.


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==Introduction==
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==


===Consonants===
Proto-Pulchric has six vowels: ''a e i o u ə'', and the following consonants:
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
* stops: ''p t k q b d g''
|-
* fricatives: ''f v s z S h''
|+
* resonants: ''m n N ŋ l r L w y''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Coronal
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Palatal
!colspan="2" | Dorsal
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Laryngeal
|-
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>phar.</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>phar.</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small>
! style="width: 45px; "|<small>phar.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| ''m'' /m/ || ''M'' /mˁ/
| ''n'' /n/ || ''N'' /nˁ/
|
| ''ng'' /ŋ/ || ''NG'' /ɴ/
|
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 45px; "| Stop
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>tenuis</small>
| ''p'' /p/ || ''P'' /pˁ/
| ''t'' /t/ || ''T'' /tˁ/
|
| ''k'' /k/ || ''q'' /q/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ''b'' /b/ || ''B'' /bˁ/
| ''d'' /d/ || ''D'' /dˁ/
|
| ''g'' /ɡ/ || ''G'' /ɢ/
|
|-
!colspan=2| Fricative
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ''h'' /h/
|-
!colspan=2| Trill/Tap
| ||
| ''r'' /ɾ/ || ''R'' /ɾˁ/
|
| ||
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
|colspan="2"| ''w'' /w/
| ''l'' /l/ || ''L'' /lˁ/
| ''y'' /j/
| ||
|
|}
 
Every consonant except /w j h/ can occur geminated between vowels.
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| &nbsp;
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| ''i'' /i/
| ''i:'' /iː/
|
|
| ''u'' /u/
| ''u:'' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| ''e'' /e/
| ''e:'' /eː/
|
|
| ''o'' /o/
| ''o:'' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| ''a'' /a/
| ''a:'' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: /ai/ /au/ (written ''ai au'' respectively)
 
===Phonotactics===
Only CV syllables are allowed, except:
*a geminate consonant can begin a non-initial syllable (gemination is indicated in the orthography by doubling the consonant letter; geminate ''ng'' and ''NG'' are written ''nng'' and ''NNG'' respectively)
*CVC is allowed as the last syllable
 
===Stress===
Stress is almost always on the first long syllable, or if no syllable is long, the last syllable in the Rencadic dialect and the first syllable in the Luminese dialect.
 
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
Proto-Pulchric has an extremely simple morphology, almost completely isolating.
===Nouns===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Baira'' "leaf" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || ''Baira'' || ''Baira emmi''
|-
| Accusative || ''Baira ta'' || ''Baira emmi ta''
|-
| Genitive || ''Baira i'' || ''Baira emmi i''
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric has other postpositions as well: ''mi'' (in), ''ro'' (with), ''po'' (like), ...
 
===Verbs===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''qi:To-'' "to think" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''qi:Ton'' || ''qi:Tome''
|-
| Second person || ''qi:Tod'' || ''qi:Tote''
|-
| Third person || ''qi:Tob'' || ''qi:Towa''
|}
 
Proto-Pulchric often uses verbal nouns, which use the suffix ''-a:t'' or ''-or'' depending on the verb.
 
Verbs do not inflect for tense in general. There are a few exceptions though. The copula 'to be' inflects as follows in the present tense:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! "to be" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''qor'' || ''qore''
|-
| Second person || ''qod'' || ''qote''
|-
| Third person || ''qob'' || ''qowa''
|}
 
In the past tense:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! "to be" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''pem'' || ''peme''
|-
| Second person || ''pen'' || ''pet:e''
|-
| Third person || ''pem'' || ''pewa''
|}
 
In the future tense:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! "to be" !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| First person || ''ki:nan'' || ''ki:name''
|-
| Second person || ''ki:nad'' || ''ki:nate''
|-
| Third person || ''ki:nab'' || ''ki:nawa''
|}
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->


The exact realizations of ''S L N'' are not fully known in universe; the linguist Cimaterol Pradaxa reconstructed them as retroflexes, which is consistent with the Proto-Pulchric reflexes but data from Crockartoot, discovered much later, hints that these could have been palatal instead. This theory is also borne by phonotactics -- ''s l n'' do not turn into ''S L N'' before retroflex consonants, as in ''malṭə'' (presumably /maɭʈə/) "bone", and the absence of an *R corresponding to *r, even though clusters of *r and retroflexes exist.


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
Vowel hiatus in Proto-Pulchric is generally rare, showing up in the directional trigger suffix ''-ao'', but consonant clusters are extremely common, as in ''pelstrə'' (bear), ''temblipsas'' (mushroom), and ''mirnutə'' (rod).
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 07:01, 1 April 2023

Proto-Pulchric is one of the major proto-languages of Tricin and also one of the best reconstructed. Its main inspirations are Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Semitic and Lithuanian.

Phylogeny

Most Pulchric languages come from the Etalocian subbranch, which descends from Proto-Etalocian (oddly named because Etalocin is the Pulchric Urheimat). There are however, a few Pulchric languages spoken in Whāso Island to the north which are a separate subfamily, and that also includes Crockartoot, spoken in Cualand.

Phonology

Proto-Pulchric has six vowels: a e i o u ə, and the following consonants:

  • stops: p t ṭ k q b d ḍ g
  • fricatives: f v s z S h
  • resonants: m n N ŋ l r L w y

The exact realizations of S L N are not fully known in universe; the linguist Cimaterol Pradaxa reconstructed them as retroflexes, which is consistent with the Proto-Pulchric reflexes but data from Crockartoot, discovered much later, hints that these could have been palatal instead. This theory is also borne by phonotactics -- s l n do not turn into S L N before retroflex consonants, as in malṭə (presumably /maɭʈə/) "bone", and the absence of an *R corresponding to *r, even though clusters of *r and retroflexes exist.

Vowel hiatus in Proto-Pulchric is generally rare, showing up in the directional trigger suffix -ao, but consonant clusters are extremely common, as in pelstrə (bear), temblipsas (mushroom), and mirnutə (rod).