Proto-Pulchric: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
Line 16: Line 16:




'''Proto-Pulchric''' (native name ''Di:nabe puLLeker'' /dʶi:nabe pulʶ:ekeɾ/) is the ancestor of almost all the languages of Rulak.
'''Proto-Pulchric''' ('''PPul''', native name ''Di:nabe puLLeker'' /dʶi:nabe pulʶ:ekeɾ/) is the ancestor of almost all the languages of Rulak.


<!--  
<!--  

Revision as of 13:24, 25 February 2016

Proto-Pulchric
Di:nabe puLLeker
Pronunciation[/dʶi:nabe pulʶ:ekeɾ/]
Created byPraimhín
SettingRulak
Pulchric
  • Proto-Pulchric
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Proto-Pulchric (PPul, native name Di:nabe puLLeker /dʶi:nabe pulʶ:ekeɾ/) is the ancestor of almost all the languages of Rulak.


Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Coronal Palatal Dorsal Laryngeal
plain emph. plain emph. plain emph.
Nasal m /m/ M /mʶ/ n /n/ N /nʶ/ ng /ŋ/ NG /ɴ/
Stop tenuis p /p/ P /pʶ/ t /t/ T /tʶ/ k /k/ q /q/
voiced b /b/ B /bʶ/ d /d/ D /dʶ/ g /ɡ/ G /ɢ/
Fricative h /h/
Trill/Tap r /ɾ/ R /ɾʶ/
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ L /lʶ/ y /j/

Emphatic consonants are uvularized, as in Arabic.

Aspiration is allophonic in voiceless stops. The Luminese dialect aspirates stops more strongly than in the Rencadic dialect.

Gemination

Every consonant except /w j h/ can occur geminated between vowels. Geminate taps are realized as trills.

Gemination is indicated in the orthography by doubling the consonant letter; geminate ng and NG are written nng and NNG respectively.

Vowels

  Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/ i: /iː/ u /u/ u: /uː/
Mid e /e/ e: /eː/ o /o/ o: /oː/
Open a /a/ a: /aː/

Diphthongs: /ai/ /au/ (written ai au respectively)

Phonotactics

Only CV syllables are allowed, except:

  • a geminate consonant can begin a non-initial syllable
  • CVC is allowed as the last syllable

Stress

Stress is almost always on the first long syllable, or if no syllable is long, the last syllable in the Rencadic dialect and the first syllable in the Luminese dialect.

Morphophonology

Morphology

Proto-Pulchric has an extremely simple morphology, almost completely isolating.

Nouns

Baira "leaf" Singular Plural
Nominative Baira Baira emmi
Accusative Baira ta Baira emmi ta
Genitive Baira i Baira emmi i

Proto-Pulchric has other postpositions as well: mi (in), ro (with), po (like), ...

Pronouns

Singular Plural
First person me: ko:NGe
Second person tihe
Third person qel

Proto-Pulchric lacks second and third person plural forms, so either the singular forms are used or combined with the word emmi (many). The word ko:NGe also means "people, folk" (like German "Leute").

Verbs

qi:To- "to think" Singular Plural
First person qi:Ton qi:Tome
Second person qi:Tod qi:Tote
Third person qi:Tob qi:Towa
Impersonal qi:Te:PPi
met- "to eat" Singular Plural
First person metin metime
Second person metid metite
Third person metib metiwa
Impersonal mete:PPi

Proto-Pulchric often uses verbal nouns, which use the suffix -a:t or -or depending on the verb.

Verbs do not inflect for tense in general. There are a few exceptions though. The copula 'to be' inflects as follows:

"to be" Present Past Future
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First person qor qore pem peme ki:nan ki:name
Second person qod qote pen pette ki:nad ki:nate
Third person qob qowa pem pewa ki:nab ki:nawa
Impersonal qore:PPi peme:PPi ki:ne:PPi

Syntax

Constituent order

Proto-Pulchric word order is head-final and SVO. In Rencadic dialects it's V2, just like German.

Noun phrase

Noun phrases are head-initial if the modifier is a relative clause and head-final if the modifier is an adjective. The words qel (animate) and Tau (inanimate) are used as relative pronouns.

Daha qel qi:Tob "the person who thinks"

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources