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==Overview==
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
The '''Gamedan languages''' are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing, ablaut, and infixing morphology.
 
Inspirations: Indo-European, Semitic, Wakashan, Salishan
 
==Phylogeny==
{{clade|label1=Proto-Gamedan (P P' B)
|1={{clade
    |label1=Proto-Quame
    |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Proto-Talsmic]] (P F B)
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Proto-Central Talsmic (Q-Talsmic)
    |1={{clade
    |1=[[Themsarian|Noble Themsarian]]<abbr title="The language from which my career sprang. Under heavy revision."><sup>?</sup></abbr>
    |2=[[Qelorian]]
    |3=Something Irishy
      }}
    |label2=Proto-Peripheral Talsmic (P-Talsmic)
    |2={{clade
    |1=[[Nwrian]]
      }}
    }}
  |label2=Proto-Naquic (P P' B)
  |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Naxic]]
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Atzòpic]]
      |2=[[Tizian]]
      |3=Shoe Polish
        }}
    }}
|label3=Proto-Wiobic (F B P)
|3={{clade
    |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Classical Wiobian]]
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Middle Wiobian]]
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Rzai Wiobian]]
        |2=[[Gaufian]]
        |3=[[Kurmian]] <abbr title="aka Irish Cream"><sup>?</sup></abbr>
        }}
      |2=[[Bäntlian]]
      }}
    }}
    |2=[[Whetmerish]]
    }}
}}
|label2=Proto-Quihum
|2={{clade
    |1=Kitelucquian (''Kəyƛəqʷˁʼ'')
    |2=Adetsib (''ʔAdəʔcʼib'')
    }}
}}
}}
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for Proto-Gamedan. The Quichum branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the Talsmic branch and Wiobian are the most innovative.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Proto-Gamedan reconstructed consonants'''
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! |<small>plain</small>
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
 
! |<small>glottalized</small>
| *mʼ
| *nʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *qʷ
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *gʷ
| *ɢ
| *ɢʷ
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| *pʼ
| *tʼ
|
|
| *kʼ
| *kʷʼ
| *qʼ
| *qʷʼ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ł
|
| *x
| *xʷ
| *x̌
| *x̌ʷ
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *λ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *c
| *ƛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| *cʼ
| *ƛʼ
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
! |<small>plain</small>
|
|
|
| *y
|
| *w
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
|
|
|
| *yʼ
|
| *wʼ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *r
| *l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
|
| *rʼ
| *lʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
====Consonant correspondences====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width:1300px; text-align:center;"
|-
! PGam
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|pʼ}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|tʼ}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|c}}
! {{recon|cʼ}}
! {{recon|ś}}
! {{recon|λ}}
! {{recon|ƛ}}
! {{recon|ƛʼ}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|kʼ}}
! {{recon|kʷ}}
! {{recon|gʷ}}
! {{recon|kʷʼ}}
! {{recon|q}}
! {{recon|ɢ}}
! {{recon|qʼ}}
! {{recon|qʷ}}
! {{recon|ɢʷ}}
! {{recon|qʷʼ}}
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|y}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|h}}
|-
! [[Raxic|Rax]]
| ''p'', ''u-''
| ''b''
| ''ph'', ''hu-''
| ''t''
| ''d''
| ''th''
| ''z''
| ''z''
| ''tz''
| ''tzh''
| ''ł''
| ''l''
| ''tł''
| ''tłh''
| ''tx''
| ''x''
| ''txh''
| ''qu''
| ''gu''
| ''hu''
| ''c''
| ''g''
| ''ch''
| ''qu''
| ''gu''
| ''hu''
| ''m'', ''-n''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''y''
| ''u''
| ''h''
| Ø
|-
! [[Talsmic languages|PTal]]
| {{recon|''p''}}
| {{recon|''b''}}
| {{recon|''ɸ''}}
| {{recon|''t''}}
| {{recon|''d''}}
| {{recon|''θ''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
| {{recon|''z''}}, {{recon|''r''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
| {{recon|''λ''}}
| {{recon|''t''}}, {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''ł''}}
| {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''g''}}
| {{recon|''x''}}
| {{recon|''kʷ''}}
| {{recon|''gʷ''}}
| {{recon|''xʷ''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ʁ''}}
| {{recon|''χ''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ʁ''}}
| {{recon|''χ''}}
| {{recon|''m''}}
| {{recon|''n''}}
| {{recon|''l''}}
| {{recon|''r''}}
| {{recon|''j''}}
| {{recon|''w''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
|-
! [[Wiobian|Wio]]
| ''f''
| ''p''
| ''b''
| ''þ''
| ''t''
| ''d''
| ''s'', ''ß'', ''r''
| Ø
| ''ß''
| ''ß''
| ''s''
| ''z''
| ''s''
| ''ɟ''
| ''h''
| ''k''
| ''g''
| ''ƕ''
| ''qu''
| ''w''
| ''h''
| [ʔ]
| [ʔ]
| ''ƕ''
| ''qu''
| ''w''
| ''m''
| ''n''
| ''l''
| ''r''
| ''j''
| ''w''
| [ʔ]
| [ʔ]
|-
! [[Bonzic languages|PBon]]
| {{recon|''p''}}
| {{recon|''b''}}
| {{recon|''pʼ''}}
| {{recon|''t''}}
| {{recon|''d''}}
| {{recon|''tʼ''}}
| {{recon|''x''}}
| {{recon|''ɣ''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''cʼ''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''z''}}
| {{recon|''č''}}
| {{recon|''čʼ''}}
| {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''g''}}
| {{recon|''kʼ''}}
| {{recon|''p''}}
| {{recon|''b''}}
| {{recon|''pʼ''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''ʔʷ''}}
| {{recon|''ʔʷ''}}
| {{recon|''ʔʷ''}}
| {{recon|''m''}}
| {{recon|''n''}}
| {{recon|''l''}}
| {{recon|''l''}}
| {{recon|''y''}}
| {{recon|''w''}}
| Ø
| Ø
|-
! [[Koiƛoq̓ic languages|PKoi]]
| {{recon|''p''}}
| {{recon|''b''}}
| {{recon|''p̓''}}
| {{recon|''t''}}
| {{recon|''d''}}
| {{recon|''t̓''}}
| {{recon|''s''}}
| {{recon|''z''}}
| {{recon|''c''}}
| {{recon|''c̓''}}
| {{recon|''ł''}}
| {{recon|''λ''}}
| {{recon|''ƛ''}}
| {{recon|''ƛ̓''}}
| {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''g''}}
| {{recon|''k̓''}}
| {{recon|''k''}}
| {{recon|''g''}}
| {{recon|''k̓''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ɢ''}}
| {{recon|''q̓''}}
| {{recon|''q''}}
| {{recon|''ɢ''}}
| {{recon|''q̓''}}
| {{recon|''m''}}
| {{recon|''n''}}
| {{recon|''l''}}
| {{recon|''r''}}
| {{recon|''y''}}
| {{recon|''w''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''h''}}
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i
|
| *u
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| *ə
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in Proto-Gamedan.
 
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was SOV.
 
The morphological form of a typical Gamedan word can be described as {{sc|root}}<{{sc|infix}}>-{{sc|suffix}}-{{sc|ending}}.
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, Proto-Gamedan had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. The ablaut system became more complex in Quame languages as laryngeal infixes yielded new vowels.
 
===Nominals===
Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
*9 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative-comitative, allative, instrumental, adverbial
*A noun class system, indicated by different final ''classifier clitics''. Or perhaps an animate-inanimate opposition.
*3 numbers: Singular, dual, plural
 
Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
 
====Declension====
Declension A: plural ''-Vu''
 
Declension B: plural ''-Vd''
 
Declension C: plural ''-n''
 
Declension D: singular ''-i'', plural ''-e''
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Case suffixes
|-
! |
! | Singular
! | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| Ø
|
|-
! Accusative
| ''*-z''
|
|-
! Genitive
| ''*-ʔ'', ''*-k''
|
|-
! Dative
| ''*-ƛ''
|
|-
! Locative-Comitative
| ''*-ksi''
|
|-
! Ablative
| ''*-hn''
|
|-
! Allative
| ''*-cti''
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ''*-hli''
|
|-
! Predicative
| ''*-ʔzi''
|
|-
! Adverbial
| ''*-ʔzi''
|
|}
 
====Nominal morphosyntax====
The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects.
 
===Pronouns===
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
*Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
*Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
 
====Ablaut grades====
*present: a-grade
*preterite: e-grade
*stative: zero-grade?
*verbal noun: o-grade
 
====TAM affixes====
*{{angbr|''n''}}: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite {{angbr|n}})
*''-ƛ-'': dynamic affix (progressive ''-tł-'' in Raxic, future ''-t-'' in Themsarian)
*''-eʔ'': stative affix (Themsarian preterite tone change.)
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|
|''-mēk̓''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-nci''
|-
!|2
|''-z''
|''''
|''-lci''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|''-rih''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-ici''
|}
 
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Aorist suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|
|''-mēk̓''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-nci''
|-
!|2
|''-z''
|''''
|''-lci''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|''-rih''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-ici''
|}
 
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Stative suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nʔe''
|
|''-moz''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-toz''
|-
!|2
|''-zʔe''
|''''
|''-li''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-h''
|rowspan="2"|
||''-woz''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-z''
||''-toz''
|}
 
===Derivational morphology===
*{{angbr|''*l''}} verbalizer
*{{angbr|''*r''}} nominalizer/adjectivalizer
 
==Some etymologies==
*1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
*2: *tił-x̌ur-
*3: *naxz
*4: *mulʼ
*5: *nalił
*6: *sta-x̌əmʼ- 'one more'; *qʷ’ləʔ
*10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur-
*step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
*ƛʼerqʷa 'stone' (~ unnamed Koicoq'ic ƛʼeqʷˁa)
*PGam qʷ’rile 'fur, hair, feather' ~ Wiob. ''Rille'' (MGW reading ''żei4'') 'fur', Kiteluck ''qʷˁ’əle''
 
==Sample text==
<big>{{recon|q̓eino ʔih ƛōbat}}</big>
 
The sheep and the horses
 
<big>{{recon|ʔorλikin, q̓ewno wē hiz tihmici t̓ēqʷa, ƛōbante tnosem, kʷēmaz gubiz metqaz, kʷēmaz ʔāzoz qent̓iniz bōc̓qaz, kʷēmaz kʷazaz ɢʷōc̓qaz ʔih lesgʷaz. q̓ewno ƛōbanłi takinim: &quot;ʔino ʔēq̓o ʔinłi nak̓etēm, kʷazaz ƛōbanti ɢʷōzēc̓qaz tosqałi.&quot; ƛ̓ōbat takiniwih: &quot;weƛ̓iti, q̓eino! ʔāmiʔo ʔēq̓uh ʔāminłi nak̓etēwih mēz tosqanłi: kʷaza, gūrōda, q̓ewnoh t̓ēqʷaz helł deqrƛi lesƛeƛi reɢm. ʔih q̓ewnoł tihmici t̓ēqʷa. &quot; nēz weƛ̓ēt̓a, q̓ewno gʷalarc̓ēm.}}</big>
 
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
 
[[Category:Language families]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Gamedan languages|*]]
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