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==Overview==
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
The '''Pfeuno-K'aitian languages''' ('''PfK''') are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing, ablaut, and infixing morphology. They are descended from '''Proto-Pfeuno-K'aitian''' ('''PPfK''').
 
Inspirations: Indo-European, Wakashan, Salishan.
 
==Phylogeny==
{{clade|label1={{PAGENAME}}
|1={{clade
    |label1=[[Quame languages|Proto-Quame]]
    |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Proto-Talmic]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Thensarian|Noble Thensarian]]
    |1={{clade
    |1=[[Nurian]]
    |2=[[Qelorian]]
    |3=[[Bênôcême]]
      }}
    |2=[[Andarin]]
    }}
|label2=[[Pfeunic languages|Proto-Pfeunic]]
|2={{clade
  |label1=Proto-North Pfeunic
  |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Ancient Wiebian]]
      |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Middle Wiebian]]
      |1={{clade
          |1=[[Reber Wiebian]]
          |2=[[Zwehrer]]
          |3=[[Gaufian]]
          |4=[[Ƨählerbraum]]
          }}
      |label2=[[Old Cuatham]]
      |2={{clade
          |1=[[Cuatham]]
          |2=[[Schnüher]]
          |3=[[Dürchenditz]]
          }}
      |3=[[Hederdau]]
      |4=[[Brusingian]]
      |5=[[Kagasa]]
      }}
      |label2=[[Old Whetmer]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Whetmer]]
        |2=[[Humpback Whelsh]]
        }}
    }}
    |label2=[[Sandscript]]
    |2=[[Sam-I-Am]]
    }}
  |label3=Proto-Naquic
  |3={{clade
    |label1=[[Naquian]]
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Atzòpic]]
      |2=[[Tizian]]
        }}
    }}
  |label4=[[Proto-Kammalic]]
  |4={{clade
    |1=[[Kammalian]]
    |2=[[Hmooby-Doo]]
    |3=[[Czechmate]]
    |label4=geminates > ejectives
    |4={{clade
        |1=[[Dholuomite]]
        |2=fricativeless Ubykh
        |3=Japanese-esque
        }}
    |label5=Bantu gib
    |5=Manx-ish
    }}
  |label5=[[Shoeic languages|Proto-Shoeic]]
  |5={{clade
    |label1=[[Boot Polish]]
    |1=[[Reboot Polish]]
    |2=[[Kashoebian]]
    }}
  |6=[[Sesamic languages|Sesamic]]
  |7=[[Phoshic languages|Phoshic]]
  |8=Witcanic
}}
|2=[[Adetsib]] (''ʔAdəʔcʼib'')
|3=[[Pingit]]
|4=[[Tuna Sandwich]]
}}
}}
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PPfK. The Quichum branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the [[Kammalic languages|Kammalic]] branch is the most innovative.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! |<small>plain</small>
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
 
! |<small>glottalized</small>
| *mʼ
| *nʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *qʷ
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *gʷ
| *ɢ
| *ɢʷ
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| *pʼ
| *tʼ
|
|
| *kʼ
| *kʷʼ
| *qʼ
| *qʷʼ
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| *s
| *ł
|
| *x
| *xʷ
| *x̌
| *x̌ʷ
| *h
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *c
| *ƛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *λ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| *cʼ
| *ƛʼ
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *r
| *l
| *y
|
| *w
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
|
| *rʼ
| *lʼ
| *yʼ
|
| *wʼ
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| *i *ī
|
| *u *ū
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| *ə
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| *a *ā
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in PPfK.
 
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
The morphological form of a typical PPfK word can be described as {{sc|root}}<{{sc|infix}}>-{{sc|suffix}}-{{sc|ending}}.
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PPfK had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. The ablaut system became more complex in Quame languages as laryngeal infixes yielded new vowels.
 
===Nominals===
Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
*5 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, predicative
*2 genders: masculine, feminine
*3 numbers: singular, dual, plural
 
Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
 
====Declension====
Masculine sg: nom. ''-0''
*-0, -a, -ə, -i, -u, uncommonly -ā, -ī, -ū
 
Feminine sg: nom. ''-x̌''
*-ax̌, -əx̌ > -ā
*-ix̌, -āx̌ > -ē
*-ux̌ > -ō
*-īx̌ > -ī
*-ūx̌ > -ū
*-Cx̌ > -Ca
 
Dual: nom. ''-x̌ur''
 
so what if masculine nouns ending in long vowels get reinterpreted as feminine in pquame?
 
long vowel stems won't be very common
 
Plural -a- ablaut?
 
Declension A: plural ''-Vu''
 
Declension B: plural ''-Vt''
 
Declension C: plural ''-n''
 
Declension D: singular  {{recon|-0-y}}, pl. {{recon|-a-y}}
<!--
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Case suffixes
|-
! |
! | Singular
! | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| Ø
|
|-
! Accusative
| ''*-z''
|
|-
! Genitive
| ''*-ʔ'', ''*-k''
|
|-
! Dative
| ''*-ƛ''
|
|-
! Locative-Comitative
| ''*-ksi''
|
|-
! Ablative
| ''*-hn''
|
|-
! Allative
| ''*-cti''
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ''*-hli''
|
|-
! Predicative
| ''*-ʔzi''
|
|-
! Adverbial
| ''*-ʔzi''
|
|}
-->
 
====Nominal morphosyntax====
The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects.
 
===Pronouns===
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
*Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
*Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
 
====Ablaut grades====
*present: a-grade
*preterite: i-grade
*stative: zero-grade?
*verbal noun: u-grade
 
====TAM affixes====
*{{angbr|''n''}}: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite {{angbr|n}})
*''-ƛ-'': dynamic affix (progressive ''-tł-'' in Naquian, future ''-t-'' in Themsarian)
*''-eʔ'': stative affix
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|
|''-mēk̓''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-nci''
|-
!|2
|''-z''
|''''
|''-lci''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|''-rih''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-ici''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Aorist suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn''
|
|''-mēk̓''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-nci''
|-
!|2
|''-z''
|''''
|''-lci''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-m''
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|''-rih''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-ici''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Stative suffixes'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nʔe''
|
|''-moz''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''''
|''-toz''
|-
!|2
|''-zʔe''
|''''
|''-li''
|-
!|3.animate
|''-h''
|rowspan="2"|
||''-woz''
|-
!|3.inanimate
|''-z''
||''-toz''
|}
 
===Derivational morphology===
*{{angbr|''*l''}} verbalizer
*{{angbr|''*r''}} nominalizer/adjectivalizer
 
==Some etymologies==
*1: *x̌əm-; *kʷi-x̌əm- 'only one'
*2: *tił-x̌ur-
*3: *nazg-
*4: *λawpʼ-
*5: *calił
*6: *sta-x̌əm- 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
*10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur-
*step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
*stone: *ƛʼerqʷa
*fur, hair, feather: *qʷ’irə
*water: *wjənqa
*day: *m’ul
 
==Sample text==
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
 
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
IlL
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