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[[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]]
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
 
 
==Todo==
[http://interiorsalish.com/nselxcinresources.html Nsəlxcin Resources]
 
*ablaut patterns
**combine with stress shifting rules
*determiner endings
*verbs
*derivational morphology
 
*there's a lot of nt's and st's - too much?
*''-əlx'' is gibby
*''-p'' could disappear/CL in both Pf and Tal
*Cluster resolution - 1st and last consonant or second-to-last and last?
===Morphemes===
*''-s'' = verbal noun
*''-x'' = 2sg imperative
*''-aʔ'' = nominal affix?
*''-lx'' = place nouns?
**Wiebian ''-er''
**Thensarian ''-ly''
*''ʔal'' and ''ʔalʼ'' are variants
**Wiebian ''er'' 'for' and Thensarian ''ar'' 'and'
*''t-'' = (interrogative morpheme)
**Wiebian ''das'' words
**Thensarian ''tīs'' 'who' and ''tā'' 'what'
*''kʷ-'' = we, our (inc); also 'here' (inc)?
**Wiebian ''was'' words
**Thensarian
 
==Overview==
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ.<ref>Panzux, Sj. ''Fóidilinn le caoigháthadh an Cvicham''</ref> Languages such as [[Adetsib]] have the most archaic consonant inventories.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
| '''*mʼ''' /mˀ/
| '''*nʼ''' /nˀ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*t'''
|
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*d'''
|
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''*s'''
| '''*ł''' /ɬ/
|
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*x̌''' /χ/
| '''*x̌ʷ''' /χʷ/
| '''*h'''
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| '''*c''' /ts/
| '''*ƛ''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''*z''' /dz/
| '''*λ''' /dɮ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| '''*cʼ''' /tsʼ/
| '''*ƛʼ''' /tɬʼ/
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Resonant
! |<small>plain</small>
|
|
| '''*l'''
| '''*y''' /j/
|
| '''*w'''
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
|
|
| '''*lʼ''' /lˀ/
| '''*yʼ''' /jˀ/
|
| '''*wʼ''' /wˀ/
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i'''
|
| '''*u'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''*ə'''
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a'''
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in PQ.
 
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
 
Rules:
*When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
The morphological form of a typical PQ word can be described as {{sc|root}}<{{sc|infix}}>-{{sc|suffix}}-{{sc|ending}}.
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. The ablaut system became more complex in Quame languages as laryngeal infixes yielded new vowels.
 
===Nominals===
PQ did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
*5 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, predicative
*2 genders: masculine, feminine
*3 numbers: singular, dual, plural
 
Plurals were formed by reduplication (as in Salish languages) or by suffixes.
====Declension====
Masculine sg: nom. ''-0''
*-0, -a, -ə, -i, -u, uncommonly -ā, -ī, -ū
 
Feminine sg: nom. ''-x̌''
*-ax̌, -əx̌ > -ā
*-ix̌, -āx̌ > -ē
*-ux̌ > -ō
*-īx̌ > -ī
*-ūx̌ > -ū
*-Cx̌ > -Ca
 
Dual: nom. ''-x̌ur''
 
Plural: ''kawʼqs'' 'raven' > ''kakawʼqs''?
 
===Pronouns===
''bi-'': transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
*Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
*Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
 
====Ablaut grades====
*present: a-grade
*preterite: i-grade
*stative: zero-grade?
*verbal noun: u-grade
 
====TAM affixes====
*{{angbr|''n''}}: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite {{angbr|n}})
*''-x'' - 2sg imperative
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
Subject markers:
*1sg: -n
*2sg: -y'
*3sg.an: -m
*3sg.inan: -0
*1pl.ex: -maxv
*2pl: -il
*3pl: -ti
 
Object markers:
*1sg: n-
*2sg: l'-
*3 (animate): b-
*3 (neuter): k-
*1pl.ex: m-
*1pl.in: d-
*2pl: c'-
 
===Derivational morphology===
*{{angbr|''l''}} - ???
*{{angbr|''r''}} - ???
 
==Some etymologies==
*1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
*2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
*3: *nazg-
*4: *λawpʼ-
*5: *calił
*6: *sta-x̌əm-ʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
*7: *nʼəxʷd
*8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
*9: *pʼagʷz
*10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur
*step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
*stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
*water: *yənqʷʼ
*day: *m’ul
 
==Sample text==
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
==References==
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
IlL
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