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[[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]]
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
 
 
==Todo==
[http://interiorsalish.com/nselxcinresources.html Nsəlxcin Resources]
 
*ablaut patterns
**combine with stress shifting rules?
*determiner endings
*verbs
*derivational morphology
 
*there's a lot of nt's and st's - too much?
*''-əlx'' is gibby
*''-p'' could disappear/CL in both Pf and Tal
*Cluster resolution - 1st and last consonant or second-to-last and last?
===Morphemes===
*''sta='' = more
*''-s'' = verbal noun
**Thensarian infinitive ''-s'';
**Wiebian verbal noun ''-s''
*''-x'' = 2sg imperative
*''-aʔ, -ix'' = nominal affixes?
**Wiebian ''-e'', ''<sup>U</sup>-e''
*''-lx'' = place nouns?
**Wiebian ''-er''
**Thensarian ''-ly''
*''ʔal'' and ''ʔalʼ'' are variants
**Wiebian ''er'' 'for' and Thensarian ''ar'' 'and'
*''t-'' = (interrogative morpheme)
**Wiebian ''das'' words
**Thensarian ''tis'' 'who' and ''tas'' 'what'
*''kʷ-'' = we, our (inc); also 'here' (inc)?
**the ''kʷi'' in ''kʷix̌əmʼ''!
**Wiebian ''was'' words
**Thensarian ''cis'' 'this man' (sounds like Clofab ''cesin''!)
*''nikt-s'' = 'thing' (< carry)?
**Tíogall ''ní'' 'thing; not' < Thn. ''nīs'' (idem)
**Wiebian ''nicht, nichts'' 'indeed'
*''kastʼ'' = 'accompany'
**Wiebian ''Heste'' 'wife'
*''əyn'' = determiner
**Wiebian ''ein'' (article)
*''hay!''  = vocative
**Wiebian ''ei''
 
==Overview==
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ.<ref>Panzux, Sj. ''Fóidilinn le caoigháthadh an Cvicham''</ref> Languages such as [[Adetsib]] have the most archaic consonant inventories.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
| '''*mʼ''' /mˀ/
| '''*nʼ''' /nˀ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*t'''
|
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*d'''
|
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''*s'''
| '''*ł''' /ɬ/
|
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*x̌''' /χ/
| '''*x̌ʷ''' /χʷ/
| '''*h'''
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| '''*c''' /ts/
| '''*ƛ''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''*z''' /dz/
| '''*λ''' /dɮ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| '''*cʼ''' /tsʼ/
| '''*ƛʼ''' /tɬʼ/
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Resonant
! |<small>plain</small>
|
|
| '''*l'''
| '''*y''' /j/
|
| '''*w'''
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>glottalized</small>
|
|
| '''*lʼ''' /lˀ/
| '''*yʼ''' /jˀ/
|
| '''*wʼ''' /wˀ/
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i'''
|
| '''*u'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''*ə'''
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a'''
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
Stress was phonemic.
 
===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
 
Rules:
*When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
===Determiners===
 
===Nominals===
Plurals were formed by reduplication (as in Salish languages).
 
Plural: ''kawʼqs'' 'raven' > ''kəkáwʼqs''
 
===Pronouns===
''bi-'': transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
*Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
*Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
 
====Ablaut grades====
*present: a-grade
*preterite: i-grade
*stative: zero-grade?
*verbal noun: u-grade
 
====TAM affixes====
*''-x'' - 2sg imperative
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
Subject markers:
*1sg: -n
*2sg: -y'
*3sg.an: -m
*3sg.inan: -0
*1pl.ex: -maʔ
*2pl: -il
*3pl: -ti
 
Object markers:
*1sg: n-
*2sg: l'-
*3 (animate): b-
*3 (neuter): k-
*1pl.ex: m-
*1pl.in: d-
*2pl: c'-
 
===Derivational morphology===
*{{angbr|''l''}} - ???
*{{angbr|''r''}} - ???
 
==Some etymologies==
*1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
*2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
*3: *nazg-
*4: *λawpʼ-
*5: *calił
*6: *sta-x̌əm-ʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
*7: *nʼəxʷd
*8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
*9: *pʼalʼgʷ
*10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ulʼ
*step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
*stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
*water: *yənqʷʼ
*day: *m’ul
 
==Sample text==
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
IlL
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