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[[Proto-Quihum/Lexicon]]
#redirect [[Quame languages]]
 
'''Proto-Quihum''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of all [[Quihum languages]]. It's inspired by Salish languages and Proto-Indo-European. It's thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Ancient Wiebian]], [[Thensarian]], and [[Naquian]].
 
 
==Todo==
 
==Overview==
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of scholars. Languages such as [[Adetsib]] have the most archaic consonant inventories.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Coronal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''*m'''
| '''*n'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*t'''
|
|
| '''*k'''
| '''*kʷ'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*d'''
|
|
| '''*g'''
| '''*gʷ'''
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
|
|
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʷʼ'''
| '''*qʼ'''
| '''*qʷʼ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''*s'''
| '''*ł''' /ɬ/
| '''*š'''
| '''*x'''
| '''*xʷ'''
| '''*x̌''' /χ/
| '''*x̌ʷ''' /χʷ/
| '''*h'''
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| '''*c''' /ts/
| '''*ƛ''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''*dᶻ''' /dz/
| '''*λ''' /dɮ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| '''*cʼ''' /tsʼ/
| '''*ƛʼ''' /tɬʼ/
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|
| '''*r'''
| '''*l'''
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*γ''' /ɣ/
| '''*w'''
| '''*ʕ'''
| '''*ʕʷ'''
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''*i ī'''
|
| '''*u ū'''
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''*ē'''
| '''*ə'''
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''*a *ā'''
|
|}
 
===Suprasegmentals===
Stress was phonemic.
 
===Phonotactics===
Rules:
*When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
 
==Grammar==
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Roots:
*''ł-x̌ʷ'' = 'be'
*''x̌-nʼ'' = 'live'
*''k-p'' = 'eat'
**''Haft'' < kapdxʷ could mean 'bread'
*''ƛ-y'' = 'grab, capture'
**Wb. ''Seime'' = hand < ''ŝīmō'' < ''ƛəy-m-aʔ''
**Wb. ''Sette'' = property < ''ŝedō'' < ''ƛyədxʷ'' (**ƛy-dxʷ)
*''n-kʷ'' = 'up'
*''q-x̌'' = 'accompany'
 
Ablaut grades
*''a''-grade: present tense
*''i''-grade: preterite tense
*''ə''-grade: verbal noun
*''u''-grade
*''∅''-grade: verbal noun; many derived stems
**e.g. Wiebian ''mit'' 'if, given that' < ''meiten'' 'give'
 
===Determiners===
The characteristic inflection of determiners could be a relic of an older word order where prepositions were inserted between an adjective and the following noun (cf. ''magnā cum laude'').
 
===Nominals===
Collectives were formed by reduplication (like the plural in Salish languages).
 
Plural: ''káwʼqs'' 'raven' > ''káwʼkəwʼqs'' or ''kəwʼkáwʼqs'' 'ravens, all ravens' (the former is thought to be the older form)
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
 
====TAM affixes====
*''-x'' - 2sg imperative
**{{recon|''miydx''}} = 'give!'
 
===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
Subject markers:
*1sg: -n
*2sg: -y'
*3sg.m: -m
*3sg.f: -cm
*3sg.n: -0
*1pl.ex: -məʔ
*2pl: -skʷ
*3pl: -ƛ
 
Object markers:
*1sg: n-
*2sg: l'-
*3 (animate): b-
*3 (neuter): k-
*1pl.ex: m-
*1pl.in: d-
*2pl: c'-
 
==Some etymologies==
*1: *x̌əmʼ; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
**''kʷíx̌əmʼ'' or ''kʷix̌ə́mʼ''?
*2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
*3: *nadᶻg
*4: *λawpʼ
*5: *calił
*6: *sta-x̌əmʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
*7: *nʼəxʷd
*8: *lx̌ʷdᶻitʼ
*9: *pʼalʼgʷ
*10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ulʼ
*step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
*stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
*water: *yənqʷʼ
*day: *m’ul
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
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