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* final-syllable long vowels shortened | * final-syllable long vowels shortened | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Pr-Rs!! Stressed !! Unstressed !! Word-Final !! i-mutated || -n/-m | ! Pr-Rs!! Stressed !! Unstressed !! Word-Final !! i-mutated || -n/-m | ||
|- | |- | ||
! a | ! a | ||
|| a | | colspan="2;" | a || a / - || ä || ą | ||
|- | |- | ||
! e | ! e | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! i | ! i | ||
| | | colspan="2;" | i || i / - || || į | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2;" | u | ! rowspan="2;" | u | ||
| | | colspan="2;" | u || u / - || ü || ų | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | colspan="2;" | o (bef. ''a'') || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ə | ! ə | ||
| | | colspan="2;" | ə || || || ę | ||
|- | |- | ||
! aa | ! aa | ||
| colspan="2;" | aa || a || ää || ą | |||
|- | |- | ||
! ee | ! ee | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ew | ! ew | ||
| ew || öö|| | | ew || öö || e || iw || -ę | ||
|- | |- | ||
! iw | ! iw | ||
| iw || üü || | | iw || üü || i || iw || -į | ||
|- | |- | ||
! uw | ! uw | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! uy | ! uy | ||
| uy || üü || | | uy || üü || i || uy || -ų | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
The changes described above resulted in the following vowel inventory for the late common period: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2;" | !! colspan="2;" | Front !! Central !! Back | |||
|- | |||
! -Round !! +Round !! -Round !! +Round | |||
|- | |||
! Close | |||
|| ''i'' /i/ <br>''ii'' /iː/ <br> ''į'' /ĩ/ || ''ü'' /y/ <br> ''üü'' /yː/ || || ''u'' /u/ <br> ''uu'' /uː/ <br> ''ų'' /ũ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Mid | |||
|| ''e'' /e/ <br> ''ee'' /eː/ <br> ''ę'' /ẽ/ || ''ö'' /ø/ <br> ''öö'' /øː/ || ''ə'' /ə/ || ''o'' /o/ <br> ''oo'' /oː/ <br> ''ǫ'' /õ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| ''ä'' /æ/ <br> ''ää'' /æː/ || || ''a'' /a/ <br> ''aa'' /aː/ <br> ''ą'' /ã/ || | |||
|} | |} | ||
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* ''Cy'' > ''CC'', except ''ry'' | * ''Cy'' > ''CC'', except ''ry'' | ||
* ''g'' > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ''ng, gg'' | * ''g'' > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ''ng, gg'' | ||
* ''ts > ''ss'' | |||
* ''p, t, k'' > ''f, þ, h'' and ''b, d > v, ð'' before ''n, m, l, r'' | * ''p, t, k'' > ''f, þ, h'' and ''b, d > v, ð'' before ''n, m, l, r'' | ||
* ''a(a)'' and ''ay'' raised to ''ä(ä), äy'' except before ''-n, -m'' or before a back vowel (''a(a), o(o), u(u)'') in the next syllable | * ''a(a)'' and ''ay'' raised to ''ä(ä), äy'' except before ''-n, -m'' or before a back vowel (''a(a), o(o), u(u)'') in the next syllable | ||
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* nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts | * nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts | ||
* stressed ''ä, e, i'' > ''äw, ew, iw'' before ''-w, -lC, rC'' | * stressed ''ä, e, i'' > ''äw, ew, iw'' before ''-w, -lC, rC'' | ||
* changes to diphthongs: ''ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo, ey > ee, ew > eo, uy | * changes to diphthongs: ''ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo > ea, ey > ee, ew > eo, iy > ii, iw > iü, uw > uu, uy > uü. | ||
* ''k, g, sk'' palatalised to ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/, ''ȝ'' /ʝ/, ''sh'' /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (''ä, e, i, ü'') or ''y'', or (b) after ''e, i'' except when followed by a back vowel: ''negara > neger > neȝer'' but ''neganta > negan'' | * ''k, g, sk'' palatalised to ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/, ''ȝ'' /ʝ/, ''sh'' /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (''ä, e, i, ü'') or ''y'', or (b) after ''e, i'' except when followed by a back vowel: ''negara > neger > neȝer'' but ''neganta > negan'' | ||
* i-mutation: ''a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü)'' before ''i, y'' in next syllable | * i-mutation: ''a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü)'' before ''i, y'' in next syllable | ||
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** medial syllable: ''a, ä, e'' lost, ''i, u'' lost after heavy syllable, > ''e'' after light syllable, ''oo'' > ''o'', other long vowels > short | ** medial syllable: ''a, ä, e'' lost, ''i, u'' lost after heavy syllable, > ''e'' after light syllable, ''oo'' > ''o'', other long vowels > short | ||
** final syllable: ''ä, i'' > ''e'', ''uC'' > ''oC'', ''oo > u'', other long vowels > short | ** final syllable: ''ä, i'' > ''e'', ''uC'' > ''oC'', ''oo > u'', other long vowels > short | ||
* medial ''h'' lost before vowels and consonants with compensatory lengthening | |||
* medial ''f, s'' > ''v, z'', ''ss > s'' | |||
===Carrick Changes=== | ===Carrick Changes=== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Change !! ''kupakuren'' <br> "smell" (loc.pl.) !! ''feyhilep'' <br> "fighter" (dat.sg.) || ''gawuya'' <br> "feast" (gen.sg.) || ''reykitset'' <br> "he loves you" || ''pupurad'' <br> "it glistened" | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="6;" | Common | |||
|- | |||
| unstressed ''e > i'' || ''kupakurin'' || ''feyhilip'' || ''gawuya'' || ''reykitsit'' || | |||
|- | |||
| wf. ''-a, -e'' lost || || || ''gawuy'' || || | |||
|- | |||
| wf. ''-n, -m'' lost || ''kupakurį'' || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| wf. ''-t'' lost || || || || ''reykitsi'' || | |||
|- | |||
| i-mutation of ''e, ey, ew'' || || ''fiyhilip'' || || ''riykitsi'' || | |||
|- | |||
| intervocalic ''y'' lost || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| wf. oral short vowels lost || || || || ''riykits'' || | |||
|- | |||
| i-mutation of ''a, u'' || ''kupakürį'' || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| a-mutation of ''u'' || ''kopakürį'' || || || || ''puporad'' | |||
|- | |||
| unstressed diphthongs > long vowels || || || ''gawüü'' || || | |||
|- | |||
| final-syllable long vowels > short vowels || || || ''gawi'' > ''gäwi'' || || | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6;" | Rathmos | |||
|- | |||
| ''ə(ə) > e(e)'' || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| loss of nasals before fricatives || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| gemination of Cy || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| /g/ > /ɣ/ || || || ''ġäwi'' || || | |||
|- | |||
| ''ts > ss'' || || || || ''riykiss'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''p, t, k'' > ''f, þ, h'' and ''b, d'' > ''v, ð'' bef. ''n, m, l, r'' || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| fronting of ''a(a), ay'' || ''kopäkürį'' || || || || ''puporäd'' | |||
|- | |||
| wf. ''-a'' lost || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| loss of nasalisation || ''kopäküri'' || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| stressed ''ä, e, i > äw, ew, iw'' || || || ''ġäuwi'' || || | |||
|- | |||
| diphthong changes || || ''fíhilip'' || ''ġäowi'' || ''riikiss'' || | |||
|- | |||
| palatalisation of ''k, g, sk'' || ''kopächüri'' || || ''ȝäowi'' || ''riichiss'' || | |||
|- | |||
| i-mutation of ''a(a), e(e), o(o), u(u)'' || || || || ||| | |||
|- | |||
| wf. -i, -u mostly lost || ''kopächür'' || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| unstressed vowel reduction || ''kopchür'' || ''fíhelep'' || ''ȝäowe'' || ''riichess'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''h'' loss || || ''fíylep'' || || || | |||
|- | |||
| medial ''f, s > v, z'', all ''ss > s'' || || || || ''riiches'' || | |||
|- | |||
| Rathmosian || ''copchyr'' || ''fíylep'' || ''ȝeawe'' || ''ríches'' || ''pupored'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6;" | Carrick | |||
|- | |||
| ə(ə) > a(a) || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| loss of medial/final ''h'' || || ''fiyilip'' || || | |||
|- | |||
| loss of nasalisation || ''kopaküri'' || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| a || | | i-mutation of ''a, o, u' || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| e || | | stressed ''e(e) > ''ya(a)'' || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| i || | | u-mutation of ''a(a), ya(a), ä(ä), e(e), i(i) || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | loss of prevocalic ''y, w'' || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | loss of most wf. vowels || ''kopakür'' || || ''gäw'' || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | unstressed long vowels shortened || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | loss of most unstressed vowels || ''kopkür'' || ''fílp'' || || ''riyks'' || ''pupräd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | wf. consonants devoiced || || || || || ''puprät'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''mp, nk, nt > pp, kk, tt'' || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Carrick || ''kopkür'' || ''fílp'' || ''gew'' || ''ríks'' || ''puprät'' | |||
|} | |} |
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