Proto-Riphic: Difference between revisions

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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (native name ''firmištaniþjan irštinan'') is a descendant of Late PIE with a Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic hybrid aesthetic.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (native name ''firmištarifjē irštinē'') is a descendant of Late PIE with a Proto-Germanic, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Old Prussian hybrid aesthetic.


''Kiwantan kalā in watrei flaweþi'' - The living fish swims in water
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Thee evolution of consonants from PIE to Proto-Riphic involves various sound changes, including one similar to Grimm's law. In addition, Riphean developed a tone system with five tones from the interplay between PIE stop phonation and stress accent, analogous to Verner's law.
 
Stop phonation shifts initially result in a Xhosa-like outcome: voiceless -> voiceless aspirated and voiced -> voiced breathy while glottalized consonants are ejective (as in early PIE) with implosive allophones after unstressed vowels. Riphean is notable for having Grassmann's law apply to voiceless stops, so a PIE root like *tep- turns into /tepʰ-/, later reinterpreted as /t'epʰ-/. Riphean is a satem language, which means the labiovelars delabialized, and the palatovelars turned into alveolar affricates /tsʰ ts' dz/.
 
The "voiced" consonants of Proto-Riphic are actually half-voiced with the following vowel realized breathy. The development is somewhat parallel to the development of voiced PIE stops in Italic, Greek and Indo-Iranian. In South Riphic, including Mixolydian, these stayed distinct from the glottalized series, whereas North Riphic merged them and transferred the contrast to tone on the following vowel. This is believed to be the result of Uralic phonological influence.
 
Subsequently both Riphic branches underwent Grimm's law, where aspirated stops /ph th tsh kh/ turned into spirants /f θ s x/, with the reflex of /tsh/ merging with that of PIE *s. This occurred after the RUKI rule, which turned PIE *s after r, u, dorsals and i into <š>.
 
==Morphology==
 
To include dual
 
Proto-Riphic is morphologically similar to contemporaneous IE languages including Latin, Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
 
*wilhas "wolf"
 
nom: wilhas, wilhai


==Phonology==
acc: wilhan, wilhās


{{PAGENAME}} is a satem language, which means that the original PIE palatovelars are fronted to alveolar and labiovelars get delabialized. It also underwent a sound shift similar to Grimm's law:
gen: wilhā, wilhān
* PIE voiceless stops -> voiceless fricatives
* PIE "plain voiced"/glottalic stops -> voiceless stops
* PIE "voiced aspirates" -> voiced stops


Voiced stops have fricative allophones as in Spanish and Proto-Germanic.
dat: wilhāi, wilhamas


Unlike in Proto-Germanic, though, there is no Verner's law in Proto-Nithish. However, there is Grassmann's law which applies to original PIE voiceless stops; if a root has two voiceless stops, only the second gets Grimmified: *peth2-yeti -> ''peþjeþi'' "it flies"
instr/abl: wilhāþ, wilhamis


{{PAGENAME}} doesn't have a broad/slender contrast in consonants unlike its descendant [[Nithish]].
loc: wilhai, wilhaišu


In addition, Proto-Nithish has lots of loanwords from Uralic languages, an unknown substrate and Proto-Indo-Iranian, which did not undergo Grimm's law except when Iranian languages have it (i.e. *pr -> fr etc.)
voc: wilhe!, wilhai!


===Vowels===
*bardē "beard"


Most notably, h2 doesn't color vowels in Nithish languages; this comes from an original sound change *h2 -> /ç/ which later disappears with compensatory lengthening.
nom: bardē, bardēs


eh1 eh2 eh3 oh1 oh2 oh3 -> ē ē ō ā ā ō
acc: bardēn, bardejās


The same is true of initial h2; for instance, ''elceþi'' from *h2el-k-eti "he walks".
gen: bardēs, bardejān


==Morphology==
dat: bardēi/bardējai, bardēmas


{{PAGENAME}} retained all 8 cases of PIE, as well as singular, dual, and plural forms of nouns. Its verbal morphology, though, is much simpler. It's notable for having an evidentiality distinction in verbs from the original PIE sigmatic aorist.
instr/abl: bardēþ, bardēmis


==Schleicher==
loc: bardēi, bardēišu


''Ufer prehuntei bauþja ewis, kaþerē ne sašt wilnēn, witjeþ zejē; ainan þangeþ birzjan waznan ...''
voc: bardē!, bardēs!


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 08:52, 21 June 2022


Proto-Riphic (native name firmištarifjē irštinē) is a descendant of Late PIE with a Proto-Germanic, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Old Prussian hybrid aesthetic.

Phonology

Consonants

Thee evolution of consonants from PIE to Proto-Riphic involves various sound changes, including one similar to Grimm's law. In addition, Riphean developed a tone system with five tones from the interplay between PIE stop phonation and stress accent, analogous to Verner's law.

Stop phonation shifts initially result in a Xhosa-like outcome: voiceless -> voiceless aspirated and voiced -> voiced breathy while glottalized consonants are ejective (as in early PIE) with implosive allophones after unstressed vowels. Riphean is notable for having Grassmann's law apply to voiceless stops, so a PIE root like *tep- turns into /tepʰ-/, later reinterpreted as /t'epʰ-/. Riphean is a satem language, which means the labiovelars delabialized, and the palatovelars turned into alveolar affricates /tsʰ ts' dz/.

The "voiced" consonants of Proto-Riphic are actually half-voiced with the following vowel realized breathy. The development is somewhat parallel to the development of voiced PIE stops in Italic, Greek and Indo-Iranian. In South Riphic, including Mixolydian, these stayed distinct from the glottalized series, whereas North Riphic merged them and transferred the contrast to tone on the following vowel. This is believed to be the result of Uralic phonological influence.

Subsequently both Riphic branches underwent Grimm's law, where aspirated stops /ph th tsh kh/ turned into spirants /f θ s x/, with the reflex of /tsh/ merging with that of PIE *s. This occurred after the RUKI rule, which turned PIE *s after r, u, dorsals and i into <š>.

Morphology

To include dual

Proto-Riphic is morphologically similar to contemporaneous IE languages including Latin, Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

  • wilhas "wolf"

nom: wilhas, wilhai

acc: wilhan, wilhās

gen: wilhā, wilhān

dat: wilhāi, wilhamas

instr/abl: wilhāþ, wilhamis

loc: wilhai, wilhaišu

voc: wilhe!, wilhai!

  • bardē "beard"

nom: bardē, bardēs

acc: bardēn, bardejās

gen: bardēs, bardejān

dat: bardēi/bardējai, bardēmas

instr/abl: bardēþ, bardēmis

loc: bardēi, bardēišu

voc: bardē!, bardēs!

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