Puhval

Introduction

{{Infobox language
| boxsize           = width of the infobox (default 22em)
| name              = name of language #REQUIRED
| altname           = additional name of the language
| nativename        = native or a second additional name
| acceptance        = degree of acceptance of the language by other nations
| image             = image at top of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
| imagesize         = override default image size (currently 250px). Use units ("123px", "12em")
| imagealt          = alt text for the image
| imagecaption      = caption to appear under image
| imageheader       = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column)
| pronunciation     = IPA pronunciation of the native name (without slashes or brackets!); preferably narrow transcription
| pronunciation_key = pronunciation key of the languages; defaults to Help:IPA
| creator           = creator of the language #REQUIRED; if the value is of the form User:xxxxxx, it links automatically to that user
| created           = the year of first creation
| setting           = setting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.)
| states            = real or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=)
| ethnicity         = people for whom this is the ethnically native language; also good for the ethnic population if different from the number of speakers
                      (although the names chosen for the articles on the people and on the language will generally be the same, it may be appropriate to
                      pipe in the native name of the people here)
| extinct           = date of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display
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| speakers          = number of speakers
| date              = date of estimate of number of speakers
| speakers2         = 2nd line (2nd estimate, 2nd country, L2 speakers, etc.)
| revived           = date of attempted or successful language revival
| familycolor       = appropriate language family #REQUIRED
                      See table below for list of options. Please do not use other names, as they will not be recognised, and the table will be colored
                      grey. In most cases, 'familycolor' will trigger a default entry for the 'fam1' field, so that field is not necessary (you can 
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                      Paleosiberian, etc.), you will be prompted for a 'fam1' entry if you do not provide one. If 'isolate' or 'unclassified' is used, the 
                      fam1–xx tree will not display.
| fam1              = the broadest possible widely accepted language family of which the language is a part
| fam2              = a more specific subfamily
| ...
| fam15             = most specific subgroup
| family            = whatever you want to say; fam1–xx will not display
| ancestor1         = the earliest known ancestor
| ancestor2         = a later ancestor
| ...                 (up to 8)
| posteriori        = natural-language sources
| stand1            = a standardized register
| stand2            = a second standardized register
| ...                (up to 6)
| standards         = whatever you want to say
| dia1              = a primary dialect
| dia2              = another primary dialect
| ...                 (up to 20)
| dialects          = whatever you want to say
| script1           = a writing system used for the language by literate speakers; use standard codes, see Module:scripts/data
| script2           = another writing system; use standard codes, see Module:scripts/data
| ...                 (up to 5)
| scripts           = override the scriptN list (e.g. if the language has a script without a code); use a bullet list
| nation            = list of countries in which it is an official language
| minority          = list of countries in which it is a recognised minority language
| agency            = regulatory body or language academy for the language
| development_body  = development body for the language
| iso1              = the ISO 639-1 code for the language
| iso1comment       = for comments to not interfere with the link
| iso2              = the ISO 639-2 code for the language (not for its family)
| iso2comment       = for comments to not interfere with the link
| iso3              = the ISO 639-3 code for the language
| iso3comment       = for comments to not interfere with the link
| clcr              = Conlang Registry Code for the language
| glotto            = Glottolog code for the language
| glottoname        = name of code glotto
| glotto2           = Second Glottolog code for the language
| glottoname2       = name of code glotto2
| cws               = ConWorkShop code for the language
| ietf              = IETF (BCP 47) code for the language
| brcl              = Brightraven Registry of Constructed Languages code for the language
| map               = image at bottom of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets.
| mapsize           = override default map size (currently 350px). Use units ("123px", "12em"). Affects both maps.
| mapalt            = alt text for the map
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| map2              = a second map
| mapalt2           = alt text for the second map
| mapcaption2       = caption to appear under both mapswidth.)
| notice            = IPA/ipa [adds notice for IPA notation]
}}

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants
	Labial			Coronal						Dorsal			Laryngeal
	Bi­labial	Labio­dental	Linguo­labial		Dental	Alveolar	Post­alveolar	Retro­flex	Palatal		Velar	Uvular	Pharyn­geal	Glottal
Nasal	m
Plosive	p					d					k
Sibilant fricative						z		ʐ
Non-sibilant fricative		f (and) v
Approximant						ɹ
Tap/flap
Trill
Lateral fricative
Lateral approximant						l
Lateral tap/flap

Non-Pulmonic Consonants
		Bi­labial	Labio­dental	Linguo­labial		Dental	Alveolar	Post­alveolar	Retro­flex	Palatal		Velar	Uvular	Pharyn­geal
Ejective	Stop						tʼ					kʼ
	Fricative
	Lateral fricative
Click	Tenuis
	Voiced
	Nasal
	Tenuis lateral
	Voiced lateral
	Nasal lateral
Implosive	Voiced
	Voiceless

Affricates
		Bi­labial	Labio­dental	Linguo­labial		Dental	Alveolar	Post­alveolar	Retro­flex	Palatal		Velar	Uvular	Epi­glottal	Glottal
Pulmonic	Sibilant							d̠ʒ
	Non-sibilant
	Lateral
Ejective	Central						tsʼ
	Lateral

Vowels

Vowels
	Front	Front-Central	Central	Back-Central	Back
Close	i
Near-Close		ɪ (and) ʏ
Close-Mid	e		ɵ		o
Mid	ø̞
Open-Mid	ɛ				ʌ
Near-Open
Open					ɑ

Phonotactics

Consonant Clusters
		Stops/Affricates							Fricatives					Nasals	Liquids
		d̠ʒ	tsʼ	k	p	d	kʼ	tʼ	v	f	ʐ	z	ʃ	m	ɹ	l
Stops/Affricates	d̠ʒ	d̠ʒd̠ʒ	d̠ʒtsʼ	d̠ʒk	d̠ʒp	d̠ʒd	d̠ʒkʼ	d̠ʒtʼ	d̠ʒv	d̠ʒf	d̠ʒʐ	d̠ʒz	d̠ʒ ʃ	d̠ʒm	d̠ʒɹ	d̠ʒl
	tsʼ	tsʼd̠ʒ	tsʼtsʼ	tsʼk	tsʼp	tsʼd	tsʼkʼ	tsʼtʼ	tsʼv	tsʼf	tsʼʐ	tsʼz	tsʼ ʃ	tsʼm	tsʼɹ	tsʼl
	k	k d̠ʒ	ktsʼ	kk	kp	kd	kkʼ	ktʼ	kv	kf	kʐ	kz	k ʃ	km	kɹ	kl
	p	pd̠ʒ	ptsʼ	pk	pp	pd	pkʼ	ptʼ	pv	pf	pʐ	pz	pʃ	pm	pɹ	pl
	d	dd̠ʒ	dtsʼ	dk	dp	dd	dkʼ	dtʼ	dv	df	dʐ	dz	dʃ	dm	dɹ	dl
	kʼ	kʼd̠ʒ	kʼtsʼ	kʼk	kʼp	kʼd	kʼkʼ	kʼtʼ	kʼv	kʼf	kʼʐ	kʼz	kʼʃ	kʼm	kʼɹ	kʼl
	tʼ	tʼd̠ʒ	tʼtsʼ	tʼk	tʼp	tʼd	tʼkʼ	tʼtʼ	tʼv	tʼf	tʼʐ	tʼz	tʼʃ	tʼm	tʼɹ	tʼl
Fricatives	v	vd̠ʒ	vtsʼ	vk	vp	vd	vkʼ	vtʼ	vv	vf	vʐ	vz	vʃ	vm	vɹ	vl
	f	fd̠ʒ	ftsʼ	fk	fp	fd	fkʼ	ftʼ	fv	ff	fʐ	fz	fʃ	fm	fɹ	fl
	ʐ	ʐd̠ʒ	ʐtsʼ	ʐk	ʐp	ʐd	ʐkʼ	ʐtʼ	ʐv	ʐf	ʐʐ	ʐz	ʐʃ	ʐm	ʐɹ	ʐl
	z	zd̠ʒ	ztsʼ	zk	zp	zd	zkʼ	ztʼ	zv	zf	zʐ	zz	zʃ	zm	zɹ	zl
	ʃ	ʃd̠ʒ	ʃtsʼ	ʃk	ʃp	ʃd	ʃkʼ	ʃtʼ	ʃv	ʃf	ʃʐ	ʃz	ʃʃ	ʃm	ʃɹ	ʃl
Nasals	m	md̠ʒ	mtsʼ	mk	mp	md	mkʼ	mtʼ	mv	mf	mʐ	mz	mʃ	mm	mɹ	ml
Liquids	ɹ	ɹd̠ʒ	ɹtsʼ	ɹk	ɹp	ɹd	ɹkʼ	ɹtʼ	ɹv	ɹf	ɹʐ	ɹz	ɹʃ	ɹm	ɹɹ	ɹl
	l	ld̠ʒ	ltsʼ	lk	lp	ld	lkʼ	ltʼ	lv	lf	lʐ	lz	lʃ	lm	lɹ	ll

Vowel Clusters
			Front				Front-Central		Central	Back
			Close	Close-Mid	Mid	Open-Mid	Near-Close		Close-Mid	Close	Open-Mid	Open
			i	e	ø̞	ɛ	ɪ	y	ɵ	o	ʌ	ɑ
Front	Close	i	ii	ie	iø̞	iɛ	iɪ	iy	iɵ	io	iʌ	iɑ
	Close-Mid	e	ei	ee	eø̞	eɛ	eɪ	ey	eɵ	eo	eʌ	eɑ
	Mid	ø̞	ø̞i	ø̞e	ø̞ø̞	ø̞ɛ	ø̞ɪ	ø̞y	ø̞ɵ	ø̞o	ø̞ʌ	ø̞ɑ
	Open-Mid	ɛ	ɛi	ɛe	ɛø̞	ɛɛ	ɛɪ	ɛy	ɛɵ	ɛo	ɛʌ	ɛɑ
Front-Central	Near-Close	ɪ	ɪi	ɪe	ɪø̞	ɪɛ	ɪɪ	ɪy	ɪɵ	ɪo	ɪʌ	ɪɑ
		y	yi	ye	yø̞	yɛ	yɪ	yy	yɵ	yo	yʌ	yɑ
Central	Close-Mid	ɵ	ɵi	ɵe	ɵø̞	ɵɛ	ɵɪ	ɵy	ɵɵ	ɵo	ɵʌ	ɵɑ
Back	Close	o	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi
	Open-Mid	ʌ	ʌi	ʌe	ʌø̞	ʌɛ	ʌɪ	ʌy	ʌɵ	ʌo	ʌʌ	ʌɑ
	Open	ɑ	ɑi	ɑe	ɑø̞	ɑɛ	ɑɪ	ɑy	ɑɵ	ʌo	ɑʌ	ɑɑ

Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.

Syllables

Onset sounds: All Consonants except [kʼ] and [dʒ], all vowel sounds except [ɑɪ]. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted (except in the word “Ado”).

Nucleus sounds: All vowels, [v], [l], and [m].

Coda sounds: All Consonants except [p], all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted

Phonotactic pattern: (V) (C) (C) V (C) (C) (C/V)

Syntax

Constituent order

Subject Object Verb

Example texts