Pulqer: Difference between revisions

Pulqer (view source)

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-'''Pulqer''' is a Romance language spoken on the island of Jaques (Pul. ''Tśaq''). Along with Sardinian it is one of the earliest languages to diverge from Latin and is thought to have been isolated since the 3rd century AD. Pulqer has been heavily influenced by the now vanished language of ''[[Kelt]]'', previously spoken on the island, both in its phonology and vocabulary. This marks Pulqer out as distinct amongst the Romance languages.
+'''Pulqer''' is a Romance language spoken on the island of Jaques (Pul. ''Caq''). Along with Sardinian it is one of the earliest languages to diverge from Latin and is thought to have been isolated since the 3rd century AD. Pulqer has been heavily influenced by the now vanished language of ''[[Kelt]]'', previously spoken on the island, both in its phonology and vocabulary. This marks Pulqer out as distinct amongst the Romance languages.
 ==History==
-Pulqer takes its name from the Latin ''(sermo) vulgaris'' "common speech". It is thought that Latin was brought to the islands by sailors between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD and may have originally formed part of a pidgin before being adopted by a tribe believed to have been called ''Khrapnat'' as a language of power and religion. These people became known in Old Pulqer as ''faulartśi pulkaeri'' and later simply as ''Pulkaeri''.
+Pulqer takes its name from the Latin ''(sermo) vulgaris'' "common speech". It is thought that Latin was brought to the islands by sailors between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD and may have originally formed part of a pidgin before being adopted by a tribe believed to have been called ''Khrapnat'' as a language of power and religion. These people became known in Old Pulqer as ''faularci pulkaeri'' and later simply as ''Pulkaeri''.
 The language spoken by the Pulkaeri was a bastardised form of Vular Latin referred to today as Old Pulqer. Upon its adoption, Vulgar Latin was assimilated to the existing phonology of Kelt which immediately resulted in a slew of changes to the language. Plosives in Kelt appear to have been distinguished by aspiration rather than by voicing so that, in general, Latin voiced plosives became voiceless (/d, b, g/ > /t, p, k/) and voiceless plosives became aspirated (/t, p, k/ > /tʰ, pʰ, kʰ/). Vowels also assimilated, resulting in Latin /o/ becoming Pulqer /u/ in most cases, and Vulgar Latin /ẹ/ (< ''ē, œ'') merging with /i/. These sound changes, alongside forces of analogy resulted in drastic reduction of noun and adjective declensions and verbal conjugations. However, because Old Pulqer remained primarily the language of a learned elite, it could be said to be closer to Latin than its descendants.
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 | '''f''' /ɸ/
 | '''s''' /s/
-| '''ś''' /ʃ/
+| '''''' /ʃ/
 |
 |
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 ! style="" |Affricate
 |
-| '''ts''' /t͡s/
+| '''z''' /t͡s/
-| '''tś''' /t͡ʃ/
+| '''c''' /t͡ʃ/
 |
 |
@@ Line 311: / Line 311: @@
 |-
 ! style="width: 25px" | 1
-| ''tśu''
+| ''cu''
 | ''mi''
 | ''nu''
@@ Line 333: / Line 333: @@
 |}
-The subject pronouns are used as the subject of a verb (''tśu'' and ''tu''), e.g. '''''la''' am sa musk'' "she loves music", '''''tśu''' talmip'' "I slept".
+The subject pronouns are used as the subject of a verb (''cu'' and ''tu''), e.g. '''''la''' am sa musk'' "she loves music", '''''cu''' talmip'' "I slept".
 The object pronouns are used in the following ways:
@@ Line 348: / Line 348: @@
 ''su atyn ku am sua hityn'' "the man who loves his wife"
-''sa kat ka tśu pitip'' "the cat that I saw"
+''sa kat ka cu pitip'' "the cat that I saw"
 ===Verbs===
@@ Line 363: / Line 363: @@
 * '''''E'' verbs''' have an infinitive in ''-el'', formed on the past stem e.g. ''amel'' "to love, ''stel'' "to be", ''kantel'' "to sing"
 * '''''I'' verbs''' have an infinitive in''-il'', formed on the past stem e.g. ''lukil'' "to grieve", ''katil'' "fall", ''itnil'' "to light"
-* '''''Y'' verbs''' have an infinitive in ''-yl'', formed on the present stem e.g. ''natsyl'' "to injure", ''arityl'' "to laugh", ''eśtyl'' "to be".
+* '''''Y'' verbs''' have an infinitive in ''-yl'', formed on the present stem e.g. ''nazyl'' "to injure", ''arityl'' "to laugh", ''eśtyl'' "to be".
 Verb forms are usually given with the infinitive and Present Indicative sg, e.g. ''amel, em'' "love".
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 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-! style="width: 100px"  | Mood
+! style="width: 100px"  | Mood
 ! colspan="2;" | Tense
-! style="width: 100px"  | E-Verbs
+! style="width: 100px"  | E-Verbs
-! style="width: 100px"  | I-Verbs
+! style="width: 100px"  | I-Verbs
-! style="width: 100px"  | Y-Verbs
+! style="width: 100px"  | Y-Verbs
 |-
 ! rowspan="4;" | Indicative
@@ Line 453: / Line 453: @@
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-! style="width: 100px"  | Mood
+! style="width: 100px"  | Mood
 ! colspan="2;" | Tense
-! style="width: 100px"  | ''el'' "to have"
+! style="width: 100px"  | ''el'' "to have"
-! style="width: 100px"  | ''hel'' "to do"
+! style="width: 100px"  | ''hel'' "to do"
-! style="width: 100px"  | Y-Verbs
+! style="width: 100px"  | Y-Verbs
 |-
 ! rowspan="4;" | Indicative
@@ Line 658: / Line 658: @@
 ==Derivation==
 The following suffixes are used to form abstract nouns:
-* '''''-(e)tsun''''' < OP. ''-tsune'' < L. ''-tiō''
+* '''''-(e)zun''''' < OP. ''-zune'' < L. ''-tiō''
-** ''kantsun'' "song", ''ratsun'' "reason"
+** ''kanzun'' "song", ''razun'' "reason"
 * '''''-ment''''' < OP. ''-menttu'' < L. ''-mentum''
-* '''''-tet''''' < OP. ''-ttaette'' < L. ''-tātem''
+* '''''-tet''''' < OP. ''-thaethe'' < L. ''-tātem''
-* '''''-(i)ts''''' < OP. ''-itsa'' < L. ''-itia''
+* '''''-(i)z''''' < OP. ''-itsa'' < L. ''-itia''
 The following form agents or instruments:
-* '''''-(u)r''''' < OP. ''-ure'' < L. ''ōrem
+* '''''-uar''''' < OP. ''-uere'' < L. ''ōrem
-* '''''-(e)ltś''''' < OP. ''-ertśu'' < L. ''-ārius''
+* '''''-(e)lc''''' < OP. ''-ercu'' < L. ''-ārius''
 The suffix '''''-etl''''' is a diminutive < OP. ''-ellu'' < L. ''-ellus''
 The following form adjectives:
-* '''''-(e)l''''' (pertaining to, of, like) < OP. ''-aele'' < L. ''-alis, -alem''
+* '''''-el''''' (pertaining to, of, like) < OP. ''-aele'' < L. ''-alis, -alem''
 * '''''-(e)pl''''' (-able) < OP. ''-aeple'' < L. ''-abilis''
-* '''''-(i)p''''' < OP. ''-ipu'' < L. ''-īvus''
+* '''''-i''''' < OP. ''-ifu'' < L. ''-īvus''
-* '''''-(u)s''''' (full of, prone to) < OP. ''-usu'' < L. ''-ōsus''
+* '''''-us''''' (full of, prone to) < OP. ''-usu'' < L. ''-ōsus''
-* '''''-(i)s''''' (of, from a place) < OP. ''-ise'' < L. ''-ēnsis''
+* '''''-is''''' (of, from a place) < OP. ''-iese'' < L. ''-ēnsis''
 [[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:Conlangs]]
 [[Category:Romance]]