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==Phonology and Orthography==
==Phonology and Orthography==
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Old Pulqer had the following short vowels:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|
Line 9: Line 10:
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| i(ː)
| '''i''' /i/
| u(ː)
| '''u''' /u/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| ɛ
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| a
| '''a''' /a/
| '''ą''' /ɑ/
|}
 
All long vowels were converted to diphthongs, merging with some existing diphthongs:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''ie''' /iə/
| '''ue''' /uə/ <br> ''ui'' /ui/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ei''' /ɛɪ/
|  
|  
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''ae''' /ae/ <br> ai /aɪ/
| '''au''' /ao/
|}
|}
The high vowels /i, u/ are long in stressed open syllables, when followed by a single consonant + vowel (e.g. ''muru'' /muːru/), and they are short in all other environments. The low vowels /a, ɛ/ are always short (their long variants are diphthongised to /ae, ei/).
The following diphthongs also occur: /ae, ai, au, ei, ui/.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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! style="" rowspan="2;" |Plosive
! style="" rowspan="2;" |Plosive
! Aspirated   
! Aspirated   
| '''ph, pp''' /pʰ/
| '''ph''' /pʰ/
| '''th, tt''' /tʰ/
| '''th''' /tʰ/
|
|
| '''kh, kk''' /kʰ/
| '''kh''' /kʰ/
| '''qh, qq''' /kʷʰ/
| '''qh''' /kʷʰ/
|-
|-
! Unaspirated   
! Unaspirated   
Line 88: Line 104:


Notes:  
Notes:  
* The aspirated plosives are written ''ph, th'' etc word-initially and ''pp, tt'' etc medially.
* Geminate consonants are written double: ''khapallu'' "horse".
* Plosives and fricatives may not occur as geminates.
 
* Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. ''nn, rr'' etc.
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns are marked for gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and case (Nominative-Accusative or Genitive-Dative). These are marked on the noun with suffixes according to three declensions:
 
: '''1. A-Stems (feminine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''filtśa'' "daughter"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| ''filtśa''
| ''filtśe''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
|'' filtśe''
| ''filtśi''
|}
 
 
: '''2. U-Stems (masculine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''mueru'' "wall"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| ''mueru''
| rowspan="2;" | ''mueri''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''mueri''
|}
 
 
: '''3. E-Stems (masculine & feminine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''ifante'' "baby"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| ''ifante''
| ''ifanti''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''ifanti''
| ''ifantu''
|}
 
===Articles===
There are both definite (''isu'') and indefinite (''unu'') articles, declined in much the same way as nouns and agreeing in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify. ''Unu'' occurs only in the singular.
 
: '''''isu'' (definite article)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | Masculine
! colspan="2;" | Feminine
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''isu''
| rowspan="2; | ''isi
| ''isa''
| ''ise''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''isi''
| ''ise''
| ''isi''
|}
Examples:
* ''isu unne'' "the man"
* ''isa filtśa te isi unni'' "the man's daughter"
* ''ise khatte'' "the cats"
 
: '''''unu'' (indefinite article)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
!  Masculine
!  Feminine
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''unu''
| ''una''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''uni''
| ''une''
|}
 
Examples:
* ''unu anne'' "a man"
* ''at une khaese'' "to a house"
* ''una alpre'' "a tree"
 
===Adjectives===
Positive adjectives are declined in much the same way as nouns and agree in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify. There are two declensions for adjectives: the first takes ''u''-stem endings for masculine nouns and ''a''-stem endings with feminine nouns; the second follows the ''e''-stem endings end does not differ for gender. Adjectives follow their head noun.
 
: '''A/U-Stems'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2;" | ''puenu'' <br /> "good"
! colspan="2;" | Masculine
! colspan="2;" | Feminine
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 120px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 120px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 120px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''paunu''
| rowspan="2; | ''pauni''
| ''pauna''
| ''paune''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''pauni''
| ''paune''
| ''pauni''
|}
 
Examples:
* ''isu anne paunu'' "the good man"
* ''isa tśaena mantśa'' "the big door"
* ''aratsueni pauni'' "good reasons"
 
: '''E-Stems'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2;" | ''triste'' <br /> "sad"
! colspan="2;" | Masculine/Feminine
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 120px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''triste''
| ''tristi''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''tristi''
| ''tristu''
|}
 
Examples:
* ''isu anne triste'' "the sad man"
* ''ise tśaene filte'' "the green doors"
* ''isa filtśa filiekhe te une finne tristi'' "the happy daughter of a sad woman"
 
====Comparison====
The comparative of regular adjectives may be formed with the adverbs ''mai'' "more" or ''mankhu'' "less" followed by the positive adjective:
* ''mai filiekke'' "happier"
* ''mankhu triste'' "less sad"
* ''mai nuu'' "newer"
 
The object of comparison is introduced with ''qha'', e.g. ''mai khaltu qha faukhu'' "hotter than fire".
 
The superlative is formed in the same way with the article preceding either the adverb (in predicates) or the noun (in attributes):
* ''Martsu es isu mai filiekhe'' "Martsu is the happiest"
* ''isa nutthe mai lunku'' "the longest night"
* ''ise phersuene mai tristi te isu muntu'' "the saddest people in the world"
 
The following adjectives have irregular comparative forms:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 150px;" |
! style="width: 120px;" | Comparative
! style="width: 120px;" | Superlative
|-
| ''paunu'' "good" || ''meltśuere'' || ''isu meltśuere''
|-
| ''maelu'' "bad" || ''petśuere'' || ''isu petśuere''
|-
| ''tśuene'' "young" || ''tśuntśuere'' || ''isu tśuntśuere''
|-
| ''mantśu'' "big" || ''matśuere'' || ''isu matśuere''
|}
 
===Numerals===
====Cardinals====
Cardinals are placed before the noun they qualify and most are indeclinable. Only ''uenu'' "one", ''tuu'' "two", or compounds ending in these numerals (e.g. ''pintiuenu'' "21") are declined, agreeing in gender, number and case with the following noun. As with English, nouns following "one" are in the singular and all other nouns, including those following compounds of "one" are in the plural. Thus, when followed by a noun, a numeral like ''pintiuenu'' will always be in the plural (e.g. ''pintiueni khaeni'' "21 dogs". Note that ''khentu'' "hundred" does not decline, but the plural ''-khenti'' used in compounds has feminine forms ''-khente'' (NApl) and ''-khenti'' (GDpl), e.g. ''tukhenti anni'' "two hundred men", ''tukhente finne'' "two hundred women".
 
====Ordinals====
The ordinal numerals are adjectives that decline like any other and usually follow the noun they modify, agreeing in gender, case and number with that noun. Note that ''priemu'' "first" means simply the first in a series when following the noun, but means "foremost, superior" when preceding (e.g. ''isu priemu arike'' "the foremost king" vs. ''isu arike priemu'' "the first man").
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Cardinal
! style="width: 100px;" | Ordinal
|-
! 1
| ''uenu, uena''
| ''priemu''
|-
! 2
| ''tuu, tua''
| ''sekkuntu''
|-
! 3
| ''tri''
| ''theltsu''
|-
! 4
| ''qatru''
| ''qaltu''
|-
! 5
| ''tsinqe''
| ''qintu''
|-
! 6
| ''ses''
| ''sestu''
|-
! 7
| ''setthe''
| ''setthimu''
|-
! 8
| ''ątthu''
| ''ątthaepu, ątthimu''
|-
! 9
| ''nuefe''
| ''nunu, nuefimu''
|-
! 10
| ''tekhe''
| ''tetsimu''
|-
! 11
| ''untsi''
| ''untsimu''
|-
! 12
| ''tutsi''
| ''tutsimu''
|-
! 13
| ''tretsi''
| ''tretsimu''
|-
! 14
| ''qatuertsi''
| ''qatuertsimu''
|-
! 15
| ''qintsi''
| ''qintsimu''
|-
! 16
| ''sitsi''
| ''sitsimu''
|-
! 17
| ''tekhesetthe''
| ''tekhesetthimu
|-
! 18
| ''tekhątthu''
| ''tekhątthimu''
|-
! 19
| ''tekkenuefe''
| ''tekkenuefimu''
|-
! 20
| ''finti''
| ''fintimu''
|-
! 21
| ''fintiuenu''
| ''fintiuenimu''
|-
! 22
| ''fintituu''
| ''fintituimu''
|-
! 23
| ''fintitri''
| ''fintitriemu''
|-
! 30
| ''trinta''
| ''trintimu''
|-
! 40
| ''qarainta''
| ''qaraintimu''
|-
! 50
| ''tsinqainta''
| ''tsinqaintimu''
|-
! 60
| ''sesainta''
| ''sesaintimu''
|-
! 70
| ''setthainta''
| ''setthaintimu''
|-
! 80
| ''ąttainta''
| ''ąttaintimu''
|-
! 90
| ''nunainta''
| ''nunaintimu''
|-
! 100
| ''khentu''
| ''khentimu''
|-
! 101
| ''khentu uenu''
| ''khentu priemu''
|-
! 102
| ''khentu tuu''
| ''khentu sekhuntu''
|-
! 200
| ''tukhenti''
| ''tukhentimu''
|-
! 300
| ''trikhenti''
| ''trikhentimu''
|-
! 1000
| ''mille''
| ''millimu''
|-
! 2000
| ''tumille''
| ''tumillimu''
|}
 
====Fractions====
Most fractions are identical to their ordinal form, e.g. ''uenu theltsu'' "one third", ''qatru sesti'' "four sixths", ''tri qalti'' "three quarters". The word for "half" is ''metśu''.
 
There are extended nominal forms indicating standard parts of a whole, ''meithathe'' "half", ''theltsaeltśu'' "third", ''qaltaeltśu'' "quarter", ''tsintaeltśu'' "fifth", ''sestaeltśu'' "sixth".
 
====Multiplicatives====
Multiplicatives are formed from the cardinal numerals followed by the feminine noun ''fieke'' "time" (pl. ''fieki''), e.g. ''uena fieke'' "once", ''tua fieki'' "twice", ''tri fieki'' "thrice" etc.
 
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
Personal pronouns are marked for gender, number and case, though they do not follow the same Nom-Acc. and Gen-Dat. distinction as other parts of speech. Personal pronouns proper are only declined according to Nom., Acc. or Dat., agreeing with the referent.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | 1st
! colspan="2;" | 2nd
! colspan="2;" | 3rd (m / f)
! colspan="2;" | Reflexive
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom.
| ''tśu''
| rowspan="2;" | ''nu''
| ''thu''
| rowspan="2;" | ''pu''
| rowspan="2;" | ''isu / isa''
| rowspan="2;" | ''isi / ise''
| colspan="2;" | -
|-
! Acc.
| rowspan="2;" | ''mi''
| rowspan="2;" | ''thi''
| colspan="2;" | ''si''
|-
! Dat.
| ''nufi''
| ''pufi''
| ''isi / ise''
| ''isi''
| colspan="2;" | ''sifi''
|}
 
====Possessive Pronouns====
The possessive pronouns are really adjectives that decline much like any other, agreeing in gender, case and number with the noun they modify. They may be used pronominally as a predicate (e.g. ''{THIS} es thuu'' "this is yours", or adjectivally preceding a noun (e.g. ''thua maetre'' "your mother"). There are different pronouns for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons in singular and plural, but no distinction is made between the gender of the 'subject'. The basic (masc. sing.) forms are ''meu'' "my", ''theu'' "thy, you (sg)", ''seu'' "his, her, its", ''nustru'' "our", ''fustru'' "your (pl.)" and ''isuru'' "their". For example, ''seu khaene'' "his dog" vs ''sua khattha'' "his cat" vs ''sue pakkhe'' "his cows" vs ''at sue khaese'' "to his house".
 
The full declension is shown below:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2;  |
! colspan="2;" | Masculine
! colspan="2;" | Feminine
|-
! colspan="2;  |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! style="width: 100px;" rowspan="2;" | 1st Sg. <br /> "my"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''meu''
| rowspan="2; | ''mei
| ''mia''
| ''mie''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''mei''
| ''mie''
| ''mei''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 2nd Sg. <br /> "thy"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''theu''
| rowspan="2; | ''thei
| ''thua''
| ''thue''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''thei''
| ''thue''
| ''thei''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 3rd Sg. <br /> "his, her, its"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''seu''
| rowspan="2; | ''sei
| ''sua''
| ''sue''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''sei''
| ''sue''
| ''sei''
|-
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 1st Pl. <br /> "our"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''nustru''
| rowspan="2; | ''nustri
| ''nustra''
| ''nustre''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''nustri''
| ''nustre''
| ''nustri''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 2nd Pl. <br /> "your"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''fustru''
| rowspan="2; | ''fustri
| ''fustra''
| ''fustre''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''fustri''
| ''fustre''
| ''fustri''
|-
! style="width: 40px;" rowspan="2;" | 3rd Pl. <br /> "their"
! style="width: 100px;" | Nom-Acc
| ''isuru''
| rowspan="2; | ''isuri
| ''isura''
| ''isure''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''isuri''
| ''isure''
| ''isuri''
|}
 
===Demonstratives===
The demonstrative pronouns are ''khustu'' "this", ''khullu'' "that", which decline by gender, number and case according to the noun being described (''khustu, khusta, khusti, khuste'' etc.).
 
===Verbs===
Regular verbs conjugate only in the present and imperfect indicative; all other tenses are composed through periphrasis.
 
====Regular Verbs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | 1. ''amaere'' "to love"
! colspan="2;" | 2. ''thimiere'' "to fear"
! colspan="2;" | 3. ''pheitre'' "to ask"
|-
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
|-
! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl
| ''aemu'' <br /> ''aema'' <br /> ''aema'' <br /> ''amaemu'' <br /> ''amaethi'' <br /> ''aeman''
| ''amaefu'' <br /> ''amaefa'' <br /> ''amaefa'' <br /> ''amafaemu'' <br /> ''amafaethi'' <br /> ''amaefan''
| ''thiemu'' <br /> ''thiemi'' <br /> ''thiemi'' <br /> ''thimiemu'' <br /> ''thimiethi'' <br /> ''thiemun''
| ''thimiefu'' <br /> ''thimiefa'' <br /> ''thimiefa'' <br /> ''thimifaemu'' <br /> ''thimifaethi'' <br /> ''thimiefan''
| ''pheithu'' <br /> ''pheithi'' <br /> ''pheithi'' <br /> ''pheithimu'' <br /> ''pheithithi'' <br /> ''pheithun''
| ''phethiefu'' <br /> ''phethiefa'' <br /> ''phethiefa'' <br /> ''phethifaemu'' <br /> ''phethifaethi'' <br /> ''phethiefan''
|-
! Imperative
| colspan="2;" | ''aema'' (sg.), ''amaethe'' (pl.) || colspan="2;" | ''thiemi'' (sg.) ''thimiethe'' (pl.) || colspan="2;" | ''pheithe'' (sg.), ''pheithithe'' (pl.)
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2;" | ''amaere'' || colspan="2;" | ''thimiere'' || colspan="2;" | ''pheitre''
|-
! Gerund
| colspan="2;" | ''amantu'' || colspan="2;" | ''thimentu'' || colspan="2;" | ''phethentu
|-
! Past Participle
| colspan="2;" | ''amaethu'' || colspan="2;" | ''thimiethu'' || colspan="2;" | ''pheithithu''
|}
 
The other tenses are formed by compounding with one of the auxiliary verbs ''esre'' "to be" or ''aere'' "to have":
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Auxiliary !! Main Verb !! E.g.
|-
! Past/Perfect
| Present of ''aere'' || Past Participle || ''tśu au amaethu'' "I (have) loved"
|-
! Pluperfect
| Imperfect of ''aere'' || Past Participle || ''tśu afia amaethu'' "I had loved"
|-
! Future
| Present of ''aere'' || Infinitive || ''tśu au amaere'' "I will love"
|-
! Conditional
| Imperfect of ''aere'' || Infinitive || ''tśu afia amaere'' "I would love"
|}
 
 
====Irregular Verbs====
: '''To Be'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | Indicative
! colspan="2;" | Subjunctive
! Conditional
|-
! Indicative
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Past
|-
! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl
| ''sue'' <br /> ''sei'' <br /> ''ses'' <br /> ''suemu'' <br /> ''seithi'' <br /> ''sun''
| ''eiru'' <br> ''eira'' <br> ''eira'' <br> ''eraemu'' <br> ''eraethi'' <br> ''eiran''
| ''sie'' <br /> ''sie'' <br /> ''sie'' <br /> ''siemu'' <br /> ''siethi'' <br /> ''sin''
| ''fusse'' <br> ''fussi'' <br> ''fussi'' <br> ''fusseimu'' <br> ''fusseithi'' <br> ''fussen''
| ''fueru'' <br> ''fuera'' <br> ''fuera'' <br> ''furaemu'' <br> ''furaethi'' <br> ''fueran''
|-
! Imperative
| colspan="5;" | ''ei'' (sg.), ''este'' (pl.)
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="5;" | ''esre''
|-
! Gerund
| colspan="5;" | ''essentu''
|-
! Past Participle
| colspan="5;" | ''essithu''
|}
 
: '''Other Irregular Verbs'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | 1. ''aere'' "to have"
! colspan="2;" | 2. ''taere'' "to give"
! colspan="2;" | 3. ''iere'' "to go"
|-
! Indicative
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
! style="width: 120px;" | Present
! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect
|-
! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl
| ''au'' <br> ''ai'' <br> ''ai'' <br> ''aimu'' <br> ''aithi'' <br> ''aun''
| ''afiu'' <br> ''afia'' <br> ''afia'' <br> ''afiaemu'' <br> ''afiaethi'' <br> ''afian''
| ''tau'' <br> ''tai'' <br> ''tai'' <br> ''taemu'' <br> ''taethi'' <br> ''tan''
| ''taefu'' <br> ''taefa'' <br> ''taefa'' <br> ''tafaemu'' <br> ''tafaethi'' <br> ''taefan''
|
|
|-
! Imperative
| colspan="2;" | ''-'' (sg.), ''-'' (pl.) || colspan="2;" | ''taethe'' (pl.) || colspan="2;" |
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="2;" | ''aere'' || colspan="2;" | ''taere'' || colspan="2;" | ''''
|-
! Gerund
| colspan="2;" | ''afentu'' || colspan="2;" | ''tantu'' || colspan="2;" | ''
|-
! Past Participle
| colspan="2;" | ''aefithu'' || colspan="2;" | ''taethu'' || colspan="2;" | ''''
|}
 
Like ''taere'' are ''faere'' "to do, make" and ''astaere'' "live, exist".
 
==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! English !! Old Pulqer
|-
| style="width: 120px;" | '''before'''
| style="width: 400px;" |  ''ante''
|-
| '''to'''
| ''at''
|-
| '''action''' || ''attsune'', f.
|-
| '''act''' (n.) || ''attu'', m.
|-
| '''act''' (v) || ''aekre'', ''aek-''
|-
| '''other''' || ''altru''
|-
| '''love''' (v.) || ''amaere'', ''aem-''
|-
| '''friend''' || ''amiekka'', f., ''amiekku'', m.
|-
| '''year''' || ''annu'', m.
|-
| '''water''' || ''aqqa'', f.
|-
| '''tree''' || ''arpre'', f.
|-
| '''or''' || ''autt''
|-
| '''bath''' || ''pantśu'', m.
|-
| '''good, well''' (adv.) || ''peine''
|-
| '''arm''' || ''prattsu'', m.
|-
| '''good''' || ''puenu''
|-
| '''horse'''  || ''khapallu'', m.
|-
| '''fall''' || ''khatre'', ''khaet-''
|-
| ''dog'' || ''khaene'', m.
|-
| '''sing''' || ''khantaere'', ''khant-''
|-
| '''song''' || ''khantsune'', f.
|-
| '''house''' || (humble) ''khaesa'', f; (elite) ''tuemu'', m.
|-
| '''centre''' || ''khenttru'', m.
|-
| '''city''' || ''tsuttaette'', f.
|-
| '''start''' || ''khumintsaere'', ''khumints-''
|-
| '''count''' || ''khuntaere'', ''khunt-''
|-
| '''heart''' || ''khure'', m.
|-
| '''body''' || ''khurpu'', m.
|-
| '''believe''' || ''kretre'', ''kreit-''
|-
| '''belief''' || ''kretentsa'', f.
|-
| '''with''' || ''khun''
|-
| '''of''' || ''te''
|-
| '''owe''' || ''tipiere'', ''tiep-''
|-
| '''say''' || ''tiekre'', ''tiek-''
|-
| '''lady''' || ''tunna'', f.
|-
| '''lord''' || ''tunnu'', m.
|-
| '''I''' || ''tśu''
|-
| '''mare''' || ''eqqa'', f.
|-
| '''be''' || ''esre'' (irreg.)
|-
| '''and''' || ''ett''
|-
| '''speak''' || ''faplaere'', ''fapl-''
|-
| '''make''' || ''faekre'', ''faek-''
|-
| '''fact''' || ''fattu'', m.
|-
| '''happy''' || ''filiekke''
|-
| '''woman''' || ''finna'', f.
|-
| '''daughter''' || ''filtśa'', f.
|-
| '''son''' || ''filtśu'', m.
|-
| '''finish''' || ''finiere'', ''fien-''
|-
| '''flower''' || ''fluere'', m.
|-
| '''fire''' || ''fuekku'', m.
|-
| '''shape''' || ''furma'', f.
|-
| '''have''' || ''apiere'' (irreg.)
|-
| '''if''' || ''ukk''
|-
| '''today''' || ''utśe''
|-
| '''man''' || ''unne'', m.
|-
| '''already''' || ''tśa''
|-
| '''in''' || ''in'''
|-
| '''he''' || ''ise''
|-
| '''she''' || ''isa''
|-
| '''the''' || ''isu, isa''
|-
| '''work''' || ''lapuere'', m.
|-
| '''milk''' || ''latte'', m.
|-
| '''lake''' || ''laekku', m.
|-
| '''language''' || ''linqa'', f.
|-
| '''light''' (n.) || ''luekke'', f.
|-
| '''success''' || ''lukkru'', m.
|-
| '''beast, monster''' || ''lueppu'', m.
|-
| '''big''' || ''mantśu''
|-
| '''more''' || ''mai''
|-
| '''inn''' || ''maśune'', f.
|-
| '''hand''' || ''maenu'', m.
|-
| '''mother''' || ''mattre'', f.
|-
| '''me''' || ''me'' (acc.), ''mi'' (dat.)
|-
| '''less''' || ''manku''
|-
| '''recently''' || ''muetu''
|-
| '''wall''' || ''mueru'', m.
|-
| '''wife''' || ''multśeire'', f,
|-
| '''night''' || ''nutte'', f.
|-
| '''name''' || ''nunne'', m.
|-
| '''not''' || ''nun''
|-
| '''we, us''' || ''nu''
|-
| '''new''' || ''nuevu''
|-
| '''nothing''' || ''nulla''
|-
| '''father''' || ''phattre'', m.
|-
| '''skin''' || ''phelle'', f.
|-
| '''lose''' || ''phertre'', ''phert-''
|-
| '''stone''' || ''phettra'', f.
|-
| '''hair''' || ''phielu'', m.
|-
| '''rain''' || ''prutśa'', f.
|-
| '''door''' || ''tśaena'', f.
|-
| '''gate''' || ''phurtta'', f.
|-
| '''for''' || ''phor''
|-
| '''than''' || ''qha''
|-
| '''which''' || ''qhaele''
|-
| '''when''' || ''qhantu''
|-
| '''how much''' || ''qhanttu''
|-
| '''seek''' || ''kheirre'', ''kheir-''
|-
| '''who''' || ''khi''
|-
| '''what''' || ''khit''
|-
| '''that''' || ''khut''
|-
| '''how''' || ''khumu''
|-
| '''reason''' || ''ratsune'', f.
|-
| '''blood''' || ''sanqine'', m.
|-
| '''know''' || ''astsiere''
|-
| '''write''' || ''askripre'', ''asckrip-''
|-
| '''sign''' || ''sintśu'', m.
|-
| '''hope''' || ''aspiraere'', ''aspier-''
|-
| '''above''' || ''supre''
|-
| '''late''' || ''tharte''
|-
| '''you''' || sg: ''thu'' (nom.), ''the'' (acc.), ''thi'' (dat.); pl: ''pu''
|-
| '''hold''' || ''theniere'', ''thein-''
|-
| '''time''' || ''themppu'', m.
|-
| '''land''' || ''therra'', f.
|-
| '''fear''' || ''thimre'', ''thiem-''
|-
| '''sad''' || ''triste''
|-
| '''one''' || ''unu''
|-
| '''a, an''' || ''unu, una''
|-
| '''come''' || ''peniere'', ''pein-''
|-
| '''wind''' || ''pentu'', m.
|-
| '''word''' || ''perpu'', m.
|-
| '''truth''' || ''pirttaette'', f.
|-
| '''true''' || ''piru''
|-
| '''see''' || ''pitiere'', ''piet-''
|-
| '''live''' || ''piepre'', ''piep-''
|-
| '''voice''' || ''puekke'', f.
|}
Psammead
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