Pulqer/Old Pulqer: Difference between revisions

| i(ː)

| u(ː)

| ɛ

| a

| '''ph, pp''' /pʰ/

| '''th, tt''' /tʰ/

| '''kh, kk''' /kʰ/

| '''qh, qq''' /kʷʰ/

* The aspirated plosives are written ''ph, th'' etc word-initially and ''pp, tt'' etc medially.

* Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. ''nn, rr'' etc.

* ''unu unne'' "a man"

* ''una arpre'' "a tree"

| ''puenu''

| rowspan="2; | ''pueni''

| ''puena''

| ''puene''

| ''pueni''

| ''puene''

| ''pueni''

* ''isu unne puenu'' "the good man"

* ''aratsueni pueni'' "good reasons"

* ''isu unne thriste'' "the sad man"

* ''ise tśaene pirte'' "the green doors"

* ''isa filtśa filiekke te une finne thristi'' "the happy daughter of a sad woman"

The comparative of regular adjectives may be formed with the adverbs ''mai'' "more" or ''mankku'' "less" followed by the positive adjective:

* ''mankku thriste'' "less sad"

* ''mai nu'' "newer"

The object of comparison is introduced with ''qha'', e.g. ''mai khaltu qha fuekku'' "hotter than fire".

* ''Martsu es isu mai filiekke'' "Martsu is the happiest"

* ''isa nutte mai lunku'' "the longest night"

| ''puenu'' "good" || ''meltśuere'' || ''isu meltśuere''

Cardinals are placed before the noun they qualify and most are indeclinable. Only ''unu'' "one", ''tuu'' "two", or compounds ending in these numerals (e.g. ''pintiunu'' "21") are declined, agreeing in gender, number and case with the following noun. As with English, nouns following "one" are in the singular and all other nouns, including those following compounds of "one" are in the plural. Thus, when followed by a noun, a numeral like ''pintiunu'' will always be in the plural (e.g. ''pintiuni khaeni'' "21 dogs". Note that ''khentu'' "hundred" does not decline, but the plural ''-kkenti'' used in compounds has feminine forms ''-kkente'' (NApl) and ''-kkenti'' (GDpl), e.g. ''tukkenti unni'' "two hundred men", ''tukkente finne'' "two hundred women".

| ''unu, una''

| ''thertsu''

| ''qattru''

| ''qartu''

| ''sette''

| ''settimu''

| ''uttu''

| ''uttaepu, uttimu''

| ''nuepe''

| ''nunu, nuepimu''

| ''tekke''

| ''tekkesette''

| ''tekkesettimu

| ''tekkuttu''

| ''tekkuttimu''

| ''tekkenupe''

| ''tekkenupimu''

| ''pinti''

| ''pikkismu'', ''pintimu''

| ''pintiunu''

| ''pintiunimu''

| ''pintituu''

| ''pintituimu''

| ''pintittri''

| ''pintittrimu''

| ''settainta''

| ''settaintimu''

| ''uttainta''

| ''uttaintimu''

| ''khentu unu''

| ''khentu phrimu''

| ''khentu sekkuntu''

| ''tukkenti''

| ''tukkentimu''

| ''thrikkenti''

| ''thrikkentimu''

Most fractions are identical to their ordinal form, e.g. ''unu thertsu'' "one third", ''qattru sesti'' "four sixths", ''thri qarti'' "three quarters". The word for "half" is ''metśu''.

There are extended nominal forms indicating standard parts of a whole, ''meittatte'' "half", ''thertsaertśu'' "third", ''qartaertśu'' "quarter", ''tsintaertśu'' "fifth", ''sestaertśu'' "sixth".

Multiplicatives are formed from the cardinal numerals followed by the feminine noun ''pieke'' "time" (pl. ''pieki''), e.g. ''una pieke'' "once", ''tua pieki'' "twice", ''thri pieki'' "thrice" etc.

| ''nupi''

| ''pupi''

| colspan="2;" | ''sipi''

The possessive pronouns are really adjectives that decline much like any other, agreeing in gender, case and number with the noun they modify. They may be used pronominally as a predicate (e.g. ''{THIS} es thuu'' "this is yours", or adjectivally preceding a noun (e.g. ''thua matre'' "your mother"). There are different pronouns for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons in singular and plural, but no distinction is made between the gender of the 'subject'. The basic (masc. sing.) forms are ''meu'' "my", ''theu'' "thy, you (sg)", ''seu'' "his, her, its", ''nustru'' "our", ''pustru'' "your (pl.)" and ''isuru'' "their". For example, ''seu khaene'' "his dog" vs ''sua khatta'' "his cat" vs ''sue pakke'' "his cows" vs ''at sue khaese'' "to his house".

| ''pustru''

| rowspan="2; | ''pustri

| ''pustra''

| ''pustre''

| ''pustri''

| ''pustre''

| ''pustri''

: '''First Conjugation: ''-aere'' verbs'''

! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px;" | ''AMAERE'' <br /> "love"

! colspan="2;" | Indicative

! colspan="2;" | Subjunctive

! rowspan="2;" style="width: 120px;"  | Imperative

| ''aemu'' <br /> ''aema'' <br /> ''aematt'' <br /> ''amaemu'' <br /> ''amaetti'' <br /> ''aemant''

| ''amaepu'' <br /> ''amaepa'' <br /> ''amaepatt'' <br /> ''amapaemu'' <br /> ''amapaetti'' <br /> ''amaepant''

| ''aeme'' <br /> ''aemi'' <br /> ''aemett'' <br /> ''ameimu'' <br /> ''ameitti'' <br /> ''aement''

| ''amaere'' <br /> ''amaeri'' <br /> ''amaerett'' <br /> ''amariemu'' <br /> ''amarietti'' <br /> ''amaerent''

| - <br /> ''aema'' <br /> - <br /> - <br /> ''amaette'' <br /> -

! Infinitive <br /> Gerund <br /> Past Participle

| colspan="6;" style="text-align:left;" | ''amaere'' <br /> ''amantu'' <br /> ''amaettu''

|}

 

 

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2;" style="width: 100px;" | ''THIMIERE'' <br /> "fear"

! colspan="2;" | Indicative

! colspan="2;" | Subjunctive

! style="width: 120px;" | Present

! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect

! style="width: 120px;" | Present

! style="width: 120px;" | Imperfect

! 1st Sg <br /> 2nd Sg <br /> 3rd Sg <br /> 1st Pl <br /> 2nd Pl <br /> 3rd Pl

| ''thiemu'' <br /> ''thiemi'' <br /> ''thiemitt'' <br /> ''thimiemu'' <br /> ''thimietti'' <br /> ''thiemunt''

| ''thimiepu'' <br /> ''thimiepa'' <br /> ''thimiepatt'' <br /> ''thimipaemu'' <br /> ''thimipaetti'' <br /> ''thimiepant''

| ''thiema'' <br /> ''thiema'' <br /> ''thiematt'' <br /> ''thimaemu'' <br /> ''thimaetti'' <br /> ''thiemant''

| ''thimiere'' <br /> ''thimieri'' <br /> ''thimierett'' <br /> ''thimiriemu'' <br /> ''thimirietti'' <br /> ''thimierent''

| - <br /> ''thiemi'' <br /> - <br /> - <br /> ''thimiette'' <br /> -

! Infinitive <br /> Gerund <br /> Past Participle  

| colspan="6;" style="text-align:left;" | ''thimiere'' <br /> ''thimentu'' <br /> ''thimiettu''